System Acquisition Methodologies Overview

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Questions and Answers

What specific event led Mr. Amit to consider developing an automated ticketing system for PVR?

  • A system wide crash that lost all the booking data for a given date.
  • His experience being denied tickets at the box office on a weekend.
  • His personal experience of his manually booked tickets not correctly registered. (correct)
  • The Box Office Manager's lack of experience in using database systems.

Which of the following best describes the initial step Mr. Amit took in initiating the development of the ticketing system?

  • He scheduled meetings with his team to develop a set of use case diagrams.
  • He immediately drafted the system proposal including the identification of team members.
  • He created the database schema first based on the needs of such a system.
  • He met with the Box Office Manager to gather information on their current business processes for booking tickets. (correct)

What is included as part of the system proposal that Mr.Amit prepares?

  • Preliminary screen and report designs for each user interface.
  • An executive summary, system requirements, and team member identification. (correct)
  • A process model, specifically a data flow diagram.
  • A detailed description of the database schema.

Besides the basic booking and sales tracking, what other functionality is intended for the new ticketing system according to the text?

<p>Generating reports on ticket availability and purchases by specific patrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What document is prepared as part of the project, which provides a retrospective look at the development process?

<p>A one-page 'pre-implementation review' outlining both positive and negative aspects of the project. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diagram is not explicitly mentioned to be created by Mr.Amit in the provided text?

<p>Data Flow Diagrams. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific aspect of the system development does the context of Mr.Amit’s project focus most on?

<p>The practical application of information systems and their ability to solve an existing problem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When gathering requirements, what specific process is explicitly mentioned to help Mr. Amit to understand the current booking processes?

<p>He had meetings with the PVR manager and Box Office Manager. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a manual billing system, what is a key control to ensure billing is done at the correct rates?

<p>Documenting and managing exceptions to the listed price. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a critical question to address when designing a computerized billing system?

<p>How the billing clerks can modify the prices at the time of billing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a computerized billing system, what process ensures that the system uses the correct and approved price lists?

<p>Ensuring that system price lists cannot be modified without authorization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'integrated system' refer to within the context of the provided text?

<p>A system closely connected with the entity's business processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critical consideration when building an integrated system, in addition to the other concerns of a computerized system?

<p>How to interface the business process with the business objective. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary objective of business process modeling in system development projects?

<p>To provide a link between the business objective and process changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an integrated system, how should changes to business objectives influence the system?

<p>They should be reflected in the business process change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What step is a key part of both manual and computerized billing procedures according to the text?

<p>Ensuring the price list update process is pre-defined or need based. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the Agile methodology regarding requirements?

<p>Changing requirements are welcomed, even late in development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the communication preferences in Agile methodology?

<p>Verbal communication takes precedence over documentation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Agile methodology promote regarding team structure?

<p>Self-organizing teams that encourage autonomy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Agile methodology, what is considered the principal measure of progress?

<p>Delivery of working software. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant weaknesses of Agile methodology?

<p>Difficulty in assessing effort for large software deliverables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Agile methodology approach technical excellence?

<p>It includes continuous attention to technical excellence and design. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles does Agile methodology emphasize?

<p>Frequent delivery of useful software enhances customer satisfaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major factor that Agile teams rely on for successful project outcomes?

<p>Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system development methodology is characterized by a linear progression through phases, involving requirements analysis, design specifications, coding, testing, and release?

<p>Waterfall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Agile methodology, distinguishing it from other system development models?

<p>Iterative development with continuous feedback and adaptation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system development approach is characterized by the development of a working prototype to gather user feedback and refine the design?

<p>Prototyping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the Incremental and Spiral models of system development?

<p>Incremental focuses on phases, while Spiral focuses on risks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to conduct a post-implementation review after developing a new system?

<p>To identify potential problems and opportunities for improvement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between different system development methodologies?

<p>They can be combined to suit the specific needs of a project. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of formal program change controls?

<p>To prevent unauthorized modifications to computer programs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these system development models is NOT specifically mentioned as either linear or iterative in nature?

<p>V-Shaped (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Rapid Application Development (RAD) in terms of project outcomes?

<p>Fulfilling business needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'timebox' concept in RAD imply when a project starts to slip?

<p>Reducing project scope to fit within existing timelines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major drawback of the Agile model?

<p>It often necessitates re-work due to integration issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best summarizes the transformation of data into information?

<p>Information is data that has been processed to be useful. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which way does Joint Application Development (JAD) enhance RAD processes?

<p>By intensively involving users in system design (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential issue associated with the RAD approach?

<p>Inconsistent designs across project modules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to ensure effective Agile project outcomes?

<p>Ambiguity from the customer representative on expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which development method is typically characterized by iterative processes and ongoing stakeholder feedback?

<p>Agile Method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic outcome of using the RAD model compared to traditional software development methods?

<p>A tendency to produce lower quality systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consideration during the system acquisition phase of the SDLC?

<p>Selecting programming languages for system development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does RAD provide in terms of initial project reviews?

<p>Quick initial reviews with user feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the Spiral Model?

<p>It integrates risk analysis in its iterative phases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'gold-plating' in the context of RAD?

<p>Adding more features than necessary to the system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of development method is known for its structured phases and clear documentation?

<p>Waterfall Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the iterative production characteristic of RAD primarily result in?

<p>Gradual enhancement of software through user feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic defines feedback in information systems?

<p>It modifies inputs or processing based on outputs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Formal Program Change Controls

Procedures to prevent unauthorized changes to programs.

Post-Implementation Review

Assessment of a new system's effectiveness and efficiency after deployment.

Waterfall Model

A linear approach to software development where phases are sequential.

Prototyping

An iterative development approach that involves creating prototypes for feedback.

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Incremental Model

A hybrid approach combining linear and iterative processes for development.

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Spiral Model

An iterative approach that emphasizes risk assessment and minimization.

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Rapid Application Development (RAD)

An iterative framework focused on fast development and user feedback.

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Agile Methodologies

Flexible approaches promoting adaptive planning and incremental delivery.

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Agile Method

A software development approach focusing on flexibility and rapid delivery.

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Re-work in Agile

The need to revisit and revise components due to lack of long-term planning.

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Customer Clarity

Importance of clear outcomes from customer representatives in Agile projects.

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Weakness of Agile

Limited attention to outside integration and planning.

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Information Systems

Interrelated elements used to collect, store, and share data and information.

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Feedback Loop

Output used to modify inputs or processing activities for improvement.

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Development Methods

Various approaches like Waterfall, Agile, and RAD for software development.

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Approved Price List

A list of prices that have received formal approval for billing.

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Billing Process Control

Measures ensuring accurate billing using approved rates only.

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Price List Updating

The method by which price lists are modified or refreshed.

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System Price Integrity

Ensures that prices in the system match the approved price list without modification.

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Exception Documentation

Process of recording instances where the billed price differs from the system price.

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Management Reporting of Exceptions

The process of submitting price discrepancies to management for approval.

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Integrated Systems

Systems tightly linked to business processes for efficiency.

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Business Process Modeling

The method of designing and documenting business processes.

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PVR

A cinema chain where Mr. Amit faced ticket issues.

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Reservation Error

Mr. Amit's booking was not recorded properly.

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System Proposal

A document outlining system requirements and team members.

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Process Models

Diagrams depicting user interactions and data flow.

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Data Model

Framework showing data relationships in a system.

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User Interface Design

The creation of screens and reports for users.

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Pre-implementation Review

Summary of lessons learned before system launch.

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Customer satisfaction in Agile

Agile prioritizes delivering useful software quickly to satisfy customers.

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Welcome changing requirements

Agile embraces changes in requirements, even late in the project.

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Frequent delivery of software

Working software is delivered often, within weeks instead of months.

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Measure of progress

In Agile, working software is the main indicator of project progress.

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Sustainable development

Agile promotes a steady, maintainable work pace.

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Close cooperation

Daily collaboration between business stakeholders and developers is emphasized.

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Face-to-face communication

Direct conversations among team members is the preferred communication method.

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Graphical User Interface (GUI) Builders

Tools that allow users to create interfaces visually without writing code.

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Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools

Software that supports software development processes through automation.

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Timeboxes

Fixed periods within which project requirements must be delivered.

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Joint Application Development (JAD)

User-focused workshops for system design consensus.

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Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model

Software development model emphasizing quick iterations and user involvement.

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Gold Plating

Adding unnecessary features to a project beyond requirements.

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Feature Creep

Continuous addition of new features during development, risking project scope.

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Iterative Development

Process of repeating cycles to refine software progressively.

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Study Notes

System Acquisition and Development Methodologies

  • Learning Outcomes:
    • Conceptualize a systematic approach to System Acquisition.
    • Review phase-wise activities, methods, tools, and controls.
    • Understand software procurement, acquisition from external sources, and IT proposal evaluation.
    • Analyze the current system to understand requirements.
    • Compare SDLC models and select the most appropriate for a project.
    • Understand the advantages and disadvantages of various system development models.

Chapter Overview

  • Information Systems: Need, Components, Standards, Acquisition, Cycle, Methodologies (Waterfall, Prototyping, Incremental, Spiral, RAD, Agile)

Information System Acquisition

  • Acquisition Standards: Security, reliability, and functionality; compatibility with existing systems; vendor reviews and contract/licensing; bids from vendors for hardware or integrated systems; Request-for-Proposals (RFP); requirements clearly detailed in RFPs.
  • Acquiring system Components (hardware and software): Purchase, Lease, or Rent; a System Acquisition Committee; RFP process (technical validation, vendor presentations).
  • Vendor Selection: Local support personnel/availability, financial stability, market feedback (price and services).
  • Evaluation of User Feedback.

Methods of Validating Proposals

  • Checklist method.
  • Point Scoring Analysis.

System Acquisition Cycle

  • Defining System Requirements: Describe needs, objectives, goals, processes, and expectations.
  • Identifying Alternatives: Off-the-shelf products, purchased packages, in-house development, outsourcing.
  • Feasibility Analysis: Economic, technical, operational, legal, contractual, political.
  • Risk Analysis: Security threats, vulnerabilities, and mitigations.
  • Carrying Out the Selection Process: Best matching requirements.
  • Procuring Selected Software: Negotiating contracts; service levels, hardware, software, and/or services contracts.
  • Completing Final Acceptance: Terms, price, and conditions (including licenses).

Prototyping Model

  • Identify information system requirements.
  • Develop the initial prototype (simplicity, flexibility, ease of use).
  • Test and revise (demonstration to users, feedback).
  • Obtain User Sign-off.

Incremental Model

  • Define requirements.
  • Perform development in iterations (mini-waterfalls).
  • Test each increment.
  • Deliver each increment to the user.

Spiral Model

  • Define requirements.
  • Perform preliminary design.
  • Create a prototype.
  • Evaluate prototypes (strengths, weaknesses, risks).

Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model

  • Faster development.
  • Key features: rapid prototyping, user involvement, computerized tools.
  • Focus on fulfilling business needs, not just technical excellence.

Agile Model

  • Iterative and incremental.
  • Collaboration and self-organizing teams.
  • Adaptive planning and delivery.
  • Continuous customer feedback.

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