Syrups: Types and Uses

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between nonmedicated and medicated syrups?

Nonmedicated syrups contain only flavoring agents, while medicated syrups contain both flavoring agents and medicinal substances.

What is the primary purpose of syrups?

  • To mask the taste of unpleasant-tasting drugs (correct)
  • To provide a concentrated source of sugar
  • To increase the absorption of medications
  • To act as a preservative

Which of the following is NOT a common ingredient in syrups?

  • Starch (correct)
  • Glycerin
  • Sorbitol
  • Sucrose

All syrups must contain a preservative to prevent microbial growth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common method for preparing syrups?

<p>Solution with the aid of heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why excessive heat should be avoided when preparing syrups?

<p>Excessive heat can cause inversion of sucrose, which alters the sweetness and stability of the syrup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a colorant in a syrup?

<p>To enhance the visual appeal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the percolation method for preparing syrups.

<p>The percolation method involves extracting the active ingredients from the source material using a solvent, then mixing the extract with syrup to form a medicated syrup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to ensure compatibility between the drug substance and the other components of a syrup?

<p>To prevent the drug from degrading or reacting with other ingredients, ensuring that the syrup remains stable and effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following preparations is commonly used for treating respiratory disorders?

<p>Tussilet Syrup (A), Samilin Syrup (B), Bromhexine Syrup (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Syrup, NF considered a good example of a stable syrup?

<p>It is a concentrated sugar solution, which makes it resistant to microbial growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol is a common preservative used in syrups that significantly contributes to their stability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Syrups

Concentrated aqueous preparations of sugar (or sugar substitutes) with or without flavoring and medicinal substances.

Nonmedicated Syrups

Syrups containing flavoring but no medicinal substances; flavored vehicles.

Medicated Syrups

Syrups containing a therapeutic agent.

Simple Syrup

85% sucrose in purified water; a basis for other syrups.

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Sucrose-based syrups

Syrups primarily using sucrose for sweetness and viscosity.

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Non-Sucrose-based syrups

Syrups using alternative sweeteners like sorbitol or glycerin.

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Components of Syrups

Syrups typically include sugar, preservatives, flavorings, colorants, and sometimes solvents or stabilizers.

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Inversion (in syrups)

The breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose, usually occurring with heat.

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Syrup Preparation Methods

Syrups can be made with heat, without heat, by adding sucrose to existing solutions, or by percolation.

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Ipecac Syrup

Emetic syrup prepared by percolating ipecac to extract active ingredients. Often used for childhood poisoning.

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Oral Liquid Dosage Forms

Liquid forms of medication for patients who have difficulties swallowing solid tablets or capsules.

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Study Notes

Syrups

  • Syrups are concentrated aqueous preparations of sugar or sugar substitutes, possibly with flavorings and medicinal agents.
  • Flavored syrups without medicinal agents are called non-medicated syrups.
  • Common non-medicated syrups include cherry syrup (47% cherry juice), cocoa syrup (cocoa powder suspension), orange syrup (orange peel/citric acid), and raspberry syrup (48% raspberry juice).
  • Simple syrup is 85% sucrose in purified water. It can be a base for flavored and medicated syrups.
  • Medicated syrups are used to deliver medication
  • Syrups are often used for children and the elderly due to difficulty swallowing solid dosage forms.
  • Syrups can be solutions or suspensions, depending on chemical/physical properties of the drug.
  • Syrups contain sweeteners (often sucrose), preservatives, flavorings, colorants.
  • Often contain solvents, solubilizing agents, thickeners, or stabilizers for commercial syrups.
  • Water-soluble, stable drugs in aqueous solutions can be added to flavored syrups.

Syrup Components

  • Sugar/Sweetener: Usually sucrose, but may be replaced in some cases with other sugars (sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol) or non-sucrose substances (methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose).
  • Preservatives: Used to prevent microbial growth. Common are benzoic acid , sodium benzoate and methylparabens, propylparabens, or butylparabens.
  • Flavorants: Used to enhance taste. May include volatile oils, vanillin, and other natural or synthetic ingredients. Flavoring must be water soluble or, sometimes, using alcohol to dissolve some flavorings.
  • Colorants: Used to improve visual appeal. Colorants should be compatible and water soluble or miscible with other components. Ideally they don't interact with other components.

Syrup Preparation

  • With Heat: The sugar is dissolved in the water by heating. Preservative and other components are added to the solution. The solution cools and is stored. This method is usually faster to prepare.
  • Without Heat (Agitation): Mixing sucrose with purified water to dissolve it with agitation without heating. Other ingredients are added after the solution is made. This method avoids potentially harming temperature-sensitive ingredients.

Syrup Additives

  • Materials for preparation and compounding of syrup must be of USP-NF quality and FDA-approved.
  • Preservatives. Amounts of preservatives required depend on the proportions of water available for microbial growth, characteristics (e.g., antimicrobial activity) of the other components, and preservative properties.

Storage

  • Important to store syrups in tightly sealed containers.
  • Storing syrups at lower temperatures is also beneficial for long-term stability and preservation.
  • Sucrose concentration is important to prevent microbial growth. High sucrose concentration helps to prevent crystallization and microbial growth.

Syrups for Specific Use

  • Antihistamine syrup - Example formulation included in the text.
  • Acetaminophen syrup - Example formulation included in the text.

Percolation

  • A method of extracting active drug components. Sucrose or syrup may add to the extract. Active ingredients can be extracted and separated. Example: ipecac syrup. A syrup of ipecac is prepared by percolating ipecac and adding glycerin and simple syrup.
  • The method can be a two-step process (extracting then making the syrup).

Other Important Considerations

  • Compatibility of components in syrups must be considered. Stability of the syrup can be impacted.
  • Inversion of sucrose (hydrolysis of sucrose by heat into glucose and fructose) can affect the sweetness and coloration of a solution, so must be carefully controlled and monitored.
  • Preservatives are necessary for longer shelf-life unless the final product is intended for immediate use.
  • Syrups containing heat-labile ingredients require special preparation methods and a careful process.

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