23 Questions
What is the primary target of amoxicillin?
Cell wall
Why is Treponema pallidum considered an obligate parasite?
It can only live inside a host
Which method is used to determine the virulence factors of Treponema pallidum?
Co-culture with rabbit epithelial cells
What is the primary mode of transmission for Treponema pallidum?
Sexual contact
What is the overall trend in the annual cases of T. pallidum infections?
Increasing annually
Which bacterial component does penicillin target in order to exert its antibiotic effect?
Cell membrane fluidity
How does Treponema pallidum maintain fluidity in its cell membranes?
By using cholesterol
What is responsible for the spiral shape of the bacteria mentioned in the text?
Internal flagella
Why are the bacteria described as fastidious?
They cannot make their own amino acids
How do extracellular pathogens differ from intracellular pathogens?
They invade host cells to replicate
What role do the outer surface proteins play in these bacteria?
Avoiding antibody clearance
Why is Lyme disease mentioned in the text?
To highlight the role of ticks in transmitting diseases
What is the significance of the bacteria being more similar to humans than other bacteria in terms of genome structure?
They carry linear segmented genome
How do female ticks contribute to the spread of Lyme disease?
By hosting up to 2,000 larval ticks infected with Borrelia
What makes it difficult for the tick to mouthparts of the host?
Calcified harpoon structure
How is the diagnostic confirmation of the bacteria transmitted by ticks usually done?
Through serology by producing antibodies against the bacteria
What is the significance of the soft body tick Ornithodoros in disease transmission?
Feeds rapidly but in small meals
How does the transmission of Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever differ in terms of the incubation period?
Lyme Disease has a 48-hour incubation, while Relapsing Fever has a 15-day incubation
Why does the spike in bacteria in the blood occur around days 5-6 during infection?
Bacteria undergo an antigenic switch
What makes louse-born relapsing fever significant during WWI?
It caused most deaths from bacterial infections, especially body louse rickettsia
'Flathead Lake' in Montana is associated with which disease transmission vector?
'Softbody tick'
'Sub Saharan Africa' is mentioned in connection with which type of tick attraction?
'Carbon dioxide'
'Protozoan parasite Plasmodium' is mentioned for which disease, despite having no effect on relapsing fever bacteria?
'Malaria'
Explore the protein synthesis inhibitors targeting cell walls of spiral-shaped STIs, particularly Treponema pallidum, the obligate parasite responsible for syphilis. Delve into the challenges of growing T. pallidum in labs, its virulence factors, and infection models used to study this STD.
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