Spirochetes

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What is the primary target of amoxicillin?

Small genome

Cell wall (correct)

Spiral-shaped STIs

Protein synthesis

Why is Treponema pallidum considered an obligate parasite?

It has fastidious nutrient requirements

It has a small genome

It is challenging to grow in the lab

It can only live inside a host (correct)

Which method is used to determine the virulence factors of Treponema pallidum?

Infection models with rabbits

Solid media culture

Serology antibody detection

Co-culture with rabbit epithelial cells (correct)

What is the primary mode of transmission for Treponema pallidum?

Sexual contact Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall trend in the annual cases of T. pallidum infections?

Increasing annually Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial component does penicillin target in order to exert its antibiotic effect?

Cell membrane fluidity Signup and view all the answers

How does Treponema pallidum maintain fluidity in its cell membranes?

By using cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the spiral shape of the bacteria mentioned in the text?

Internal flagella Signup and view all the answers

Why are the bacteria described as fastidious?

They cannot make their own amino acids Signup and view all the answers

How do extracellular pathogens differ from intracellular pathogens?

They invade host cells to replicate Signup and view all the answers

What role do the outer surface proteins play in these bacteria?

Avoiding antibody clearance Signup and view all the answers

Why is Lyme disease mentioned in the text?

To highlight the role of ticks in transmitting diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the bacteria being more similar to humans than other bacteria in terms of genome structure?

They carry linear segmented genome Signup and view all the answers

How do female ticks contribute to the spread of Lyme disease?

By hosting up to 2,000 larval ticks infected with Borrelia Signup and view all the answers

What makes it difficult for the tick to mouthparts of the host?

Calcified harpoon structure Signup and view all the answers

How is the diagnostic confirmation of the bacteria transmitted by ticks usually done?

Through serology by producing antibodies against the bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the soft body tick Ornithodoros in disease transmission?

Feeds rapidly but in small meals Signup and view all the answers

How does the transmission of Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever differ in terms of the incubation period?

Lyme Disease has a 48-hour incubation, while Relapsing Fever has a 15-day incubation Signup and view all the answers

Why does the spike in bacteria in the blood occur around days 5-6 during infection?

Bacteria undergo an antigenic switch Signup and view all the answers

What makes louse-born relapsing fever significant during WWI?

It caused most deaths from bacterial infections, especially body louse rickettsia Signup and view all the answers

'Flathead Lake' in Montana is associated with which disease transmission vector?

'Softbody tick' Signup and view all the answers

'Sub Saharan Africa' is mentioned in connection with which type of tick attraction?

'Carbon dioxide' Signup and view all the answers

'Protozoan parasite Plasmodium' is mentioned for which disease, despite having no effect on relapsing fever bacteria?

'Malaria' Signup and view all the answers