Genital Ulcer Disease and Syphilis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method of transmission for genital ulcer disease?

  • Sexual contact (correct)
  • Vector-borne spread
  • Food contamination
  • Airborne transmission

    • Which virus is most commonly associated with the cause of genital ulcers?

  • Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
  • Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (correct)
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

    • Which of the following organisms is NOT a cause of genital ulcers?

  • Haemophilus ducreyi
  • Herpes simplex virus type 2
  • Escherichia coli (correct)
  • Treponema pallidum

    • Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that causes syphilis, is classified in which category?

    <p>Spirochetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Treponema pallidum from other pathogens?

    <p>It has no known animal reservoir.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chancroid is caused by which bacterium?

    <p>Haemophilus ducreyi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about genital ulcer disease is correct?

    <p>It can be caused by both bacterial and viral pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary shape of Treponema pallidum is best described as?

    <p>Flexible, spiral-rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with genital ulcers?

    <p>Syphilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibodies is primarily responsible for the specific diagnosis of syphilis?

    <p>Specific antibodies detectable through immunofluorescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nonspecific antibodies associated with syphilis typically identified through?

    <p>Cardiolipin-based tests like VDRL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages of syphilis includes gummas and neurological involvement?

    <p>Tertiary stage with systemic complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can syphilis be transmitted from a pregnant woman?

    <p>From lesions through the placental barrier to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of immunity to syphilis?

    <p>Antibodies do not prevent disease progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test utilizes cardiolipin in the process of identifying nonspecific antibodies?

    <p>VDRL test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically observed during the secondary stage of syphilis?

    <p>Maculopapular rash and systemic symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for HPV?

    <p>Skin-to-skin and genital contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions are characteristic of the primary stage of syphilis?

    <p>Painless ulcers known as chancres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clinical findings are characteristic of HPV infection?

    <p>Presence of koilocytes in lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of antibodies produced in response to syphilis?

    <p>They are largely non-specific and ineffective against the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which HPV genotypes are primarily associated with the development of genital warts?

    <p>HPV-6 and HPV-11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is comprehensive screening essential when diagnosing syphilis?

    <p>Due to its association with other STIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory test can confirm high-risk HPV genotypes?

    <p>PCR testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections is NOT typically associated with syphilis?

    <p>Herpes Simplex Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of growth is a gumma associated with?

    <p>Non-cancerous soft growth from syphilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which methods are used to diagnose infections related to H. ducreyi?

    <p>Blood sampling with agar enrichment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which HPV types primarily cause genital warts?

    <p>Types 6 and 11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oncogenes are involved in high-risk HPV types resulting in malignant transformations?

    <p>E6 and E7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancers are primarily associated with high-risk HPV types 16 and 18?

    <p>Cervical, penile, and anal cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of a gumma?

    <p>It is soft and non-cancerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of HPV mainly lead to the formation of skin warts?

    <p>Types 1-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of HPV, what do the oncogenes E6 and E7 predominantly affect?

    <p>Interfere with tumor suppressor proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using chocolate blood agar in diagnosing H. ducreyi?

    <p>To isolate bacteria from lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statement about the growth of a gumma is true?

    <p>It can occur during the tertiary stage of syphilis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serologic test is known to detect treponemal antibodies after treatment for syphilis?

    <p>FTA-ABS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is Haemophilus ducreyi?

    <p>Gram-negative rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical features is typical of chancroid caused by Haemophilus ducreyi?

    <p>Painful, non-indurated ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is NOT commonly used for syphilis diagnosis?

    <p>Widal test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of a positive FTA-ABS test?

    <p>Potential indication of past infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary causative agent of chancroid?

    <p>Haemophilus ducreyi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests utilize hemagglutination for the detection of syphilis?

    <p>TPHA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptomatic feature distinguishes chancroid from syphilis?

    <p>Painful ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is generally used to confirm a syphilis diagnosis?

    <p>TPHA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional symptom may accompany the ulcers in chancroid?

    <p>Lymphadenitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genital Ulcer Disease

    • Genital ulcer disease involves breaks in the skin or mucous membranes of the genitals
    • The condition is primarily sexually transmitted
    • Most common causes are Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), syphilis (Treponema pallidum), and chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)

    Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)

    • T. pallidum is a human-only pathogen that is a spirochete with a flexible spiral-rod shape
    • Diagnosis is based on antibodies:
      • Specific antibodies are detected via immunofluorescence or hemagglutination tests
      • Nonspecific reagin antibodies are identified using tests like VDRL and RPR (using cardiolipin)
    • Transmission happens through intimate contact (sexual) and from lesions in infected individuals
    • Pregnant women can transmit syphilis to fetuses, leading to congenital syphilis
    • Stages of syphilis:
      • Primary: chancre formation
      • Secondary: maculopapular rash and systemic symptoms
      • Tertiary: gummas and neurological involvement
    • Immunity to syphilis is incomplete, and antibodies do not prevent disease progression.
    • Serological tests like FTA-ABS and TPHA detect treponemal antibodies, which remain positive even after successful treatment

    Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid)

    • H. ducreyi is a small, gram-negative rod that causes chancroid
    • Chancroid manifests as painful, non-indurated ulcers with local lymphadenitis (swollen lymph nodes)
    • Diagnosis involves isolating H. ducreyi from ulcerative lesions or aspirated pus from lymph nodes
    • Chocolate blood agar (enriched with heme) is required for growing H. ducreyi

    Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

    • HPV causes benign tumors (warts) and is associated with cervical, penile, and anal cancers, particularly types 16 and 18
    • There are over 100 HPV types:
      • Types 1-4 mainly cause skin warts
      • Types 6 and 11 cause genital warts
    • HPV's oncogenes (E6 and E7) interfere with tumor suppressor proteins p53 and RB, leading to malignant transformations
    • HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin and genital contact, entering basal epithelial cells through micro-abrasions

    Clinical Findings and Diagnosis of HPV Infection

    • Genital warts (condylomata acuminata) are primarily caused by HPV-6 and HPV-11 and are a common STI
    • HPV diagnosis is typically clinical and involves the presence of koilocytes in lesions
    • PCR testing confirms the presence of high-risk genotypes like HPV-16 and HPV-18

    Summary of Management for STIs

    • Because syphilis is associated with other STIs like Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea, comprehensive screening is crucial when diagnosed with syphilis
    • Treatment for infections like syphilis, chancroid, and HPV depends on laboratory findings and clinical evaluations

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    Related Documents

    Genital Ulcers & Warts - PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of genital ulcer disease, with a focus on syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum. It details methods of diagnosis, transmission routes, and stages of syphilis development. Test your knowledge on this sexually transmitted infection and its implications.

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