Syntonic, dystonic and malignancy

• Personality forms as a person grows.
• Freud presents a story about personality including its components and development.
• In every stage of development, there is a specific area that becomes the focus of pleasure needs called the erogenous zone.
• Failure to satisfy the needs of a particular psychosexual stage results in fixations.
• As an adult, the person will manifest behaviors related to their specific erogenous zone.

Oral Stage

• Age range is birth to 2 years.
• The erogenous zone is the mouth.
• Fixations occur.
• The significant person is the mother.
• Stimulation involving use of the mouth produces pleasure; babies enjoy sucking, chewing, and biting.
• Oral Receptive is lacking past experiences and involves recurrent behaviors such as smoking and over-eating.
• Oral Receptive side effects include being too shy, timid, over-dependent on other people, lacking leadership traits, and being easily fooled.
• When an infant experiences frustration in not being able to meet needs through oral activities, the needs may continue to resurface later in life in such forms such as eating or smoking.
• Oral Aggressive involves nail-biting, being a negative thinker/pessimist, a harsh talker, and verbal abuse.

Anal Stage

• Age range is 2-3 years.
• The erogenous zone is the anus and bladder.
• Fixations occur.
• Significant person is the father.
• Stimulation of the anal region produces pleasure.
• Parents put emphasis on toilet training.
• Anal Retentive are obsessed with cleanliness, perfection, and control, and have a hard time letting go.
• Anal Expulsive have too much satisfaction, are disorganized, messy, careless, and have a hard time holding on.
• Over-attention or lack of attention to children's toilet training may cause problems associated with fixation of development.

Phallic Stage

• Age range is 3-6 years.
• Erogenous zone is the Genitals.
• Fixations occur.
• Significant person is the parents.
• Self-stimulation of the genitals produces pleasures.
• The child struggles with sexual feelings about the same gender parent.
• Oedipus Complex occurs where the boys experience rivalry with their father for their mother's attention and affections and regards father as a sex rival.
• Electra Complex where girls experience sees mother as a rival for father's attention.
• Weak or confused sexual identity.

Latency Stage

• Age range is 6-12 years.
• Repressed sexual mindset.
• Child sexual instincts are relatively calm and continue until puberty as the focus is more on school work and vigorous play.

Genital Stage

• Age ranges is 12 years Onwards.
• Reactivated and directed towards sex and intimate relationships.
• Adolescents and adults have mature sexual feelings and experience pleasure from sexual relationships.
• Oedipus/Electra feelings are reactivated and directed toward other persons of the opposite sex.

Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson

• Erikson's theory was largely influenced by Sigmund Freud, but Erikson extended the theory and incorporated cultural and social aspects into Freud's biological and sexually-oriented theory.
• The stages of Psychosocial development were modeled through the psychosocial crisis.
• Psychosocial crisis are two opposing emotional forces including the positive disposition and the negative disposition.
• If a stage is managed well, achieving a healthy balance between the two opposing dispositions, virtue will be formed.
• If we don't do so well, we may develop maladaptation and malignancies.
• Malignancy involves too little of the positive and too much of the negative aspect of the task such as a person who can't trust others.
• A maladaptation involves too much of the positive and too little of the negative aspect, such as a person who trusts too much.
• Dystonic is a negative disposition.
• Syntonic is a positive disposition.

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust

• Age range is birth to 1 year.
• Central question: "Can I trust the world?"
• Whether children come to trust or mistrust themselves and other people depends on the social care and comfort the primary caregiver has provided.
• If infants' needs are met, and are shown genuine affection, the world is safe and dependable.
• If care is inadequate, inconsistent, or negative, he approaches the world with fear and suspicion.
• Malignancy Withdrawal means they do not trust.
• Maladaptation: Sensory Maladjustment trusts too much
• Leads to depression and hallucination.
• Virtue: Hope

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

• Age range is 1-3 years.
• Acquiring basic skills such as self-help tasks help them develop themselves.
• Central question: "Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?"
• During this stage, society creates a new conflict in children, that is, whether to assert their will or not.
• When the parents are patient, accepting children acquire a sense of independence and competence.
• When children are not allowed such freedom and are over protected, they may doubt their ability to deal with the environment.
• Malignancy: Compulsiveness, "Ensure to do it perfectly than before or doing without mistakes."
• Maladaptation: Impulsiveness, "Shameless willfulness"
• Virtue: Determination/will power (can do)

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt

• Age range is 3-6 years.
• Children gain greater freedom in exploring their environment and often attempt tasks that parents do not approve.
• Encourage to try out their ideas.
• Empower good things that they are doing.
• Help children master new tasks.
• Make them understand that what they did was wrong but not the child.
• Parents who allow their children freedom to master new tasks are allowing them to develop initiative.
• Parents who curtail this freedom make the children feel their activities are pointless and a nuisance, children become passive and feel guilty about doing things on their own.
• Central question: "am I good or bad?"
• Malignancy: Inhibition, putting blame and feeling of guilt. "nothing ventured nothing loss"
• Maladaptation: Ruthlessness is heartless and eager to achieve without consideration of others.
• Virtue: Courage is capacity to take actions despite limitations or past failures.

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority

• Age range is 6-12 years.
• This period reflects the determination of children to master what they are doing so that they develop a successful sense of modesty industry.
• Involves productivity and creativity.
• The task of the children is to learn to carry out their plans.
• Central question: "Am I successful or worthless?"
• Parents, teachers who support, reward and praise children are encouraging and help in developing children's sense of industry.
• Those who ignore, rebuff, deride children's effort are strengthening feelings of inferiority.
• Malignancy: Inertia (INFERIORITY COMPLEX OR LACK OF CONFIDENCE).
• Maladaptation: Narrow Virtuosity "Because of attaining too much industry, they just focus on specific skill"
• They must learn the feeling of success in academic and social endeavors.

Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion

• Age range 12-20 years.
• As young adults, they seek independence from parents, achieve physical maturity and are concerned about what kind of persons they are becoming.
• Seeking to find an identity, adolescents try on many new roles.
• If they experience continuity in their perception of self, then identity develops.
• When the adolescent fails to develop a sense of identity, he/she experiences role confusion or a 'negative identity”.
• Central question: "Who I am and where am I going?"
• Find out who you are in the community.
• Malignancy: Repudiation, "You cannot find yourself, you failed to identify what you do you want, who you are and it becomes too much, repudiation will be developed."
• "Believe that being bad is better than not knowing yourself"
• Maladaptation: Fanaticism "Your way is the only way"
• Virtue: Fidelity is the ability to live by society's standards despite their imperfections, incompleteness , and inconsistencies.

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Age range: 20-40 years.
• Young adults reach out and make contact with other people and to fuse one's identity with that of others to develop intimate relationship.
• After finding yourself, you now have the need to fuse it with another person.
• Building a relationship is a connection.
• Virtue: Fidelity is the ability to live by societies standards despite their imperfections, incompleteness, and inconsistencies.
• Accepting those imperfections, so that you believe that you can contribute for the betterment of that community.
• Central to intimacy is the ability to share with and care for others.
• Central question: "Shall I share my life with someone or live alone?"
• Failure to establish close and intimate relationships results to a feeling of isolation.
• Malignancy: Exclusion
• Maladaptation: Promiscuity "easy for one to become intimate others too freely or it is without depth."

Stage 7: Generativity(selflessness) VS. Stagnation(selfish) *midlife crisis

• Age range: 40 – 65 years.
• The stage of the life cycle involving having productivity and creativity.
• Someone in middle adulthood reflects and asks whether they have produced something with real value
• A time where someone might have a midlife crisis
• 1st Generativity must do with parental responsibility and interest in producing and guiding the next generation which entails selflessness
• 2nd Stagnation entails the condition in which one an not find meaning or purpose in life and have little interest in self-improvement or making contributions to society
• People extend their love for future generations and others but the intimate relations and friendships are still of importance.
• Central question is “Will I produce something with real value?”
• Malignancy: Rejectivity Midlife crisis
• Maladaptation: Overextension "do not have time to yourself"
• Virtue: Care

Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair

• Refers to old age to death.
• Involves facing reality recognizing and accepting others in making contributions to society and taking stock of the years that have gone before.
• Some feel a sense of satisfaction with their lifetime accomplishments.
• Others experience despair, feeling that the time is too short to make an attempt at a new life.
• Central question: "Have I lived a full life?"
• Reflecting on your accomplishments or regrets, finding that satisfaction matters, and realizing you can share your knowledge as wisdom with others.
• There is the potential for too much despair in which you hate life and are empty
• Malignancy: Disdain "Preoccupied with the past failures"
• Maladaptation: Presumption "too much integrity, he believes that he alone is right” Virtue: Wisdom
• Knowledge gained through life experiences which you share with others so that they can learn from it.

Quiz questions cover syntonic and dystonic dispositions, malignancy stages, and self-help tasks. These questions explore psychological states, initial steps in processes, social perceptions, and potential outcomes of prolonged states.