67 Questions
What is represented by the y-axis in the spatial representation of cognitive science?
Tools employed in studying cognition
In Edward Tolman's cognitive mapping experiments with rats, what did the rats demonstrate when faced with a change in their starting place or blockades in their usual routes?
Consulting a map-like knowledge
What did Karl Lashley suggest about complex behaviors in his paper from 1951?
Planning and organization
Which discipline involves the method of building and testing machines, according to the 'Summary of Disciplines and Methods' section?
AI researchers
What does the study of Cognitive Science include due to the typical research participants being WEIRD, according to the text?
Anthropology and cultural differences
What was a key change in the study of cognitive science that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s?
New technologies for studying neural activity
What does deep structure of a sentence refer to?
The underlying meaning of a sentence
According to George Miller's article, how many items can humans process at the same time?
Around seven items
What did Donald Broadbent's filter model of attention propose?
People consciously attend to one source of information and ignore others
What is the main purpose of the SQ3R technique for efficient reading?
To engage deeply with the text while reading it
Which of the following is an example of a correlational research design?
Assessing the relationship between income and education level
How does the dichotic listening task relate to Broadbent's filter model of attention?
It demonstrates how people selectively filter out irrelevant information
What is the primary goal of cognitive science?
To integrate perspectives on the mind and cognition from different disciplines
What type of information processing bottleneck did George Miller propose?
Selective attention bottleneck
Which academic field is most relevant to cognitive science according to the text?
Philosophy
In cognitive science, which aspect involves stored bodies of information?
Sophisticated cognitive ability
What unifies psychology as mentioned in the text?
A common set of experimental methods and models
Which academic field speculates about how the mind evolved?
Evolutionary biology
The ball has been hit by John is an example of what concept from language transformation?
Surface structure
What do philosophers in cognitive science primarily focus on?
Detailed argument and analysis
In what way do computer scientists contribute to cognitive science based on the text?
By exploring how mental processes can be simulated in computers
What distinguishes psychology from other academic fields mentioned in the text?
The use of a common set of experimental methods and models
How do evolutionary biologists contribute to cognitive science?
By speculating about how the mind evolved
What is the role of neuroscientists in studying cognition?
Studying the mind's biological machinery
What distinguishes philosophical contributions to cognitive science?
Detailed argument and analysis
What is the purpose of a within-subjects design in an experiment?
To ensure each participant completes each condition in the experiment
Which type of variable is manipulated in an experiment?
Independent variable
What is the role of counterbalancing in a within-subjects experiment?
To ensure the order of condition presentation does not bias results
In an experiment, what do you call factors not considered and uncontrolled that may affect the results?
Confounding variables
Which design involves separate participants completing each condition in an experiment?
Between-subjects design
What does manipulating conditions within an experiment involve?
Testing different levels of independent variables
Why is it necessary to manipulate only one independent variable at a time in an experiment?
To avoid confounding variables
What is the importance of counterbalancing the order of presentation of conditions in an experiment?
To ensure experimental validity
'Eating chocolate will facilitate performance on a memory test' is an example of a/an:
Alternative hypothesis
What does statistical analysis help researchers determine in an experiment?
The impact of independent variables on the results
What is the purpose of counterbalancing in a within-subjects experiment?
To ensure that all participants experience the same conditions in the same order
In cognitive experiments, what are confounding variables?
Factors not considered and uncontrolled that may have affected the results
Which academic field in cognitive science primarily focuses on detailed argument and analysis?
Philosophy
What distinguishes within-subjects design from between-subjects design in experiments?
Whether each participant completes each condition or separate participants complete each condition
What unites psychologists in their study of mental processes according to the text?
Common set of experimental methods and models
Why is it important to manipulate only one independent variable at a time in an experiment?
To avoid confusion between different variables' effects
What distinguishes the contributions of computer scientists to cognitive science?
Modeling mental processes in computers
Which type of experimental design is more suitable when recruiting a small number of participants?
Within-subjects design
Why is it important for researchers to use different tools suitable for specific levels of brain study in neuroscience?
To match tools with the level of brain study
What do researchers aim to confirm or disconfirm through experiment findings?
The initial hypothesis they proposed
What role do evolutionary biologists and anthropologists play in cognitive science?
Speculating how the mind evolved
What method unifies psychology as described in the text?
Experimental methods and models
What is the main difference between deep structure and surface structure of a sentence?
Deep structure refers to how a sentence is built up from basic constituents, while surface structure refers to the actual organization of words.
According to George Miller's research, what is the approximate limit of items that humans can process at the same time?
Seven items
In dichotic listening experiments, what was participants' ability regarding irrelevant information played in the unattended ear?
Participants were able to filter out irrelevant information effectively.
What does Donald Broadbent's filter model of attention suggest about human perception?
Humans consciously focus attention on one source and ignore others based on relevance.
What is chunking information, as mentioned in the text?
Combining individual elements into a larger whole based on patterns or familiarity.
How do people tend to consciously attend to information according to the filter model of attention?
By focusing on one source and ignoring other sources based on importance.
'The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two' by George Miller highlighted limitations in human perception related to:
Information processing capacity
In Edward Tolman's cognitive mapping experiments with rats, what concept was demonstrated when rats were allowed to run freely following training?
Latent learning
'The Dichotic Listening Task' primarily involves participants:
Ignoring one message while repeating another.
What distinguishes Karl Lashley's view on complex behaviors from behaviorism?
Planning and organization
What is the primary implication of Broadbent's flowchart model of selective attention?
Understanding how attention filters work can help explain cognitive processes.
What key idea did Alan Turing contribute to the development of cognitive science?
Information processing as rule-based calculation
What key concept does the flowchart model propose about how humans process information?
Goal-directed selection of relevant information for conscious awareness.
What was a significant change in studying the mind that occurred with the emergence of cognitive psychology in the 1950s?
New research on memory and linguistics
What does Noam Chomsky's transformational grammar primarily provide a way to analyze?
Ability to speak and understand language
What is one key aspect of cognitive science that has evolved considerably since its inception?
Research on neural activity
What was the major change in the history of cognitive science that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s?
Emergence of new technologies for studying neural activity
'Planning and Organization' in complex behaviors suggested by Karl Lashley contrasts with which viewpoint?
'Behaviorist' approach
What concept did Alan Turing introduce that influenced cognitive science development?
Algorithmic information processing
In what aspect did Noam Chomsky's transformational grammar provide a method to analyze?
Speaking and understanding language
Test your understanding of syntax structures in linguistics by distinguishing between deep structure and surface structure of sentences. Learn about the underlying meaning of sentences, how sentences are built from basic constituents, and the organization of words in a sentence according to basic rules and transformational grammar principles.
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