Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is required within the head of the phrase for it to be complete?
What is required within the head of the phrase for it to be complete?
- A time expression
- An adjective for description
- A verb and its adjuncts
- A noun denoting something concrete (correct)
Adjuncts are mandatory components of a clause.
Adjuncts are mandatory components of a clause.
False (B)
What is an example of a clause?
What is an example of a clause?
My mother bought a present.
In a clause, the phrase referring to the buyer is known as the ______.
In a clause, the phrase referring to the buyer is known as the ______.
Match the term with its correct definition:
Match the term with its correct definition:
Which of the following is an example of a collocation?
Which of the following is an example of a collocation?
The phrase 'in Jenners last Tuesday' is an adjunct in the clause.
The phrase 'in Jenners last Tuesday' is an adjunct in the clause.
What are dependency relations in the context of syntax?
What are dependency relations in the context of syntax?
In the phrase 'the large dog', which word is the head?
In the phrase 'the large dog', which word is the head?
An adjective can be modified by the adverb 'very'.
An adjective can be modified by the adverb 'very'.
What is a noun phrase?
What is a noun phrase?
In the sentence 'Accountants audit our finances every year', the word 'Accountants' is used as a _____ noun.
In the sentence 'Accountants audit our finances every year', the word 'Accountants' is used as a _____ noun.
Which of the following examples illustrates a controlling word relationship?
Which of the following examples illustrates a controlling word relationship?
The word 'the' can precede any noun without restriction.
The word 'the' can precede any noun without restriction.
What is the role of modifiers in a phrase?
What is the role of modifiers in a phrase?
Match the following words with their roles as controlling words:
Match the following words with their roles as controlling words:
Which of the following sentences correctly uses a preposition?
Which of the following sentences correctly uses a preposition?
Modifiers can be considered as optional in a sentence.
Modifiers can be considered as optional in a sentence.
What do the terms 'complement' and 'adjunct' refer to in the context of modifiers?
What do the terms 'complement' and 'adjunct' refer to in the context of modifiers?
The term ________ refers to the central piece of information in a sentence.
The term ________ refers to the central piece of information in a sentence.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which of the following correctly identifies the head in the example: 'My mother bought a present for Jeanie in Jenners last Tuesday.'?
Which of the following correctly identifies the head in the example: 'My mother bought a present for Jeanie in Jenners last Tuesday.'?
Prepositions cannot be followed by pronouns at all.
Prepositions cannot be followed by pronouns at all.
What distinguishes a direct object from optional modifiers based on verb requirements?
What distinguishes a direct object from optional modifiers based on verb requirements?
Which phrase in the example 'Barbara handed the results to Alan on Tuesday' serves as the direct object?
Which phrase in the example 'Barbara handed the results to Alan on Tuesday' serves as the direct object?
Transposition refers to the rearrangement of words in a clause that suggests they form a phrase.
Transposition refers to the rearrangement of words in a clause that suggests they form a phrase.
What is the significance of transposition in terms of phrase analysis?
What is the significance of transposition in terms of phrase analysis?
In the passive construction 'Cake were given to Margaret every Friday by the pupils in this maths class', the phrase 'the pupils in this maths class' functions as a ______.
In the passive construction 'Cake were given to Margaret every Friday by the pupils in this maths class', the phrase 'the pupils in this maths class' functions as a ______.
Match the following sentences with their corresponding sentence type:
Match the following sentences with their corresponding sentence type:
In the example 'The pupils in this maths class gave cake to Margaret every Friday', which role does 'cake' play?
In the example 'The pupils in this maths class gave cake to Margaret every Friday', which role does 'cake' play?
In the clause 'Barbara handed the results to Alan', 'to Alan' is considered an adjunct.
In the clause 'Barbara handed the results to Alan', 'to Alan' is considered an adjunct.
The phrase 'into the room' can be transposed as _______ in the clause.
The phrase 'into the room' can be transposed as _______ in the clause.
What is the relationship between heads and modifiers called?
What is the relationship between heads and modifiers called?
In English, adjectives can only precede the nouns they modify.
In English, adjectives can only precede the nouns they modify.
What type of phrase modifies a noun in the example 'The house on the hilltop'?
What type of phrase modifies a noun in the example 'The house on the hilltop'?
In the phrase 'The house ______ they built out of reinforced concrete', the blank should be filled with a ______.
In the phrase 'The house ______ they built out of reinforced concrete', the blank should be filled with a ______.
Match the following types of modifiers with their examples:
Match the following types of modifiers with their examples:
In example (3a), what word is present that is absent in (3b)?
In example (3a), what word is present that is absent in (3b)?
Which of the following sentences illustrates the correct structure of a preposition followed by a noun phrase?
Which of the following sentences illustrates the correct structure of a preposition followed by a noun phrase?
Single words can substitute for phrases in informal spoken English.
Single words can substitute for phrases in informal spoken English.
The example 'Into which room did Jeeves shimmer?' is commonly used in informal writing.
The example 'Into which room did Jeeves shimmer?' is commonly used in informal writing.
What is an example of a substitution in the provided content?
What is an example of a substitution in the provided content?
In the phrase 'the cat trotted _____', the preposition is missing.
In the phrase 'the cat trotted _____', the preposition is missing.
What type of clause is illustrated in the example: 'The room into which Jeeves shimmered'?
What type of clause is illustrated in the example: 'The room into which Jeeves shimmered'?
Match the following examples with their substitution types:
Match the following examples with their substitution types:
What type of phrase is 'by the pupils in this maths class' classified as in example (3b)?
What type of phrase is 'by the pupils in this maths class' classified as in example (3b)?
The phrase 'the cat trotted in the kitchen' perfectly illustrates substitution principles.
The phrase 'the cat trotted in the kitchen' perfectly illustrates substitution principles.
The term _____ refers to a part of a sentence that provides additional detail.
The term _____ refers to a part of a sentence that provides additional detail.
Which type of copula clause is used to link an entity to a property?
Which type of copula clause is used to link an entity to a property?
Copula clauses can be formed in a passive voice.
Copula clauses can be formed in a passive voice.
What is the Latin word for 'link' or 'connection' that the term 'copula' originates from?
What is the Latin word for 'link' or 'connection' that the term 'copula' originates from?
In a locative copula clause, the verb indicates where some entity is ______.
In a locative copula clause, the verb indicates where some entity is ______.
Match the following types of copula clauses with their descriptions:
Match the following types of copula clauses with their descriptions:
Which construction is used to declare something as a fact?
Which construction is used to declare something as a fact?
An interrogative construction can signal that one of the participants is unknown.
An interrogative construction can signal that one of the participants is unknown.
What is an example of an interrogative construction from the content?
What is an example of an interrogative construction from the content?
A construction that forms a word from a base with additional elements is known as a __________ construction.
A construction that forms a word from a base with additional elements is known as a __________ construction.
Match the following examples with their construction types:
Match the following examples with their construction types:
Which phrase illustrates the addition of both a prefix and a suffix?
Which phrase illustrates the addition of both a prefix and a suffix?
Constructions can be isolated structures without any relationship to other constructions.
Constructions can be isolated structures without any relationship to other constructions.
What is the purpose of different constructions according to the content?
What is the purpose of different constructions according to the content?
Which of the following correctly defines a passive clause?
Which of the following correctly defines a passive clause?
In a short passive construction, the agent noun phrase is always present.
In a short passive construction, the agent noun phrase is always present.
What are YES-NO interrogatives used for?
What are YES-NO interrogatives used for?
The phrase '______' is used to refer to the speaker's ability to describe who performs the action.
The phrase '______' is used to refer to the speaker's ability to describe who performs the action.
Match the following types of constructions with their characteristics:
Match the following types of constructions with their characteristics:
Which statement about WH interrogatives is correct?
Which statement about WH interrogatives is correct?
Passive clauses always contain an explicit agent phrase.
Passive clauses always contain an explicit agent phrase.
What does the term 'short passive' refer to?
What does the term 'short passive' refer to?
What type of construction is considered the most frequent in English?
What type of construction is considered the most frequent in English?
In a passive construction, the subject receives the action rather than performs it.
In a passive construction, the subject receives the action rather than performs it.
What are the two classes of constructions mentioned?
What are the two classes of constructions mentioned?
The type of construction that allows for the widest range of modifications is the ____________ construction.
The type of construction that allows for the widest range of modifications is the ____________ construction.
Match the sentence type with its correct example:
Match the sentence type with its correct example:
Which of the following best describes an oblique object construction?
Which of the following best describes an oblique object construction?
The sentence 'Did Frank buy Jane the piano?' is an example of a double object construction.
The sentence 'Did Frank buy Jane the piano?' is an example of a double object construction.
In the example 'The piano was bought for Jane by Frank', the phrase 'for Jane' functions as a __________.
In the example 'The piano was bought for Jane by Frank', the phrase 'for Jane' functions as a __________.
Which of the following is NOT a grammatical function?
Which of the following is NOT a grammatical function?
The subject of a clause refers to the Patient in the situation described.
The subject of a clause refers to the Patient in the situation described.
What is the role of a subject in a clause?
What is the role of a subject in a clause?
A subject in English is usually in the ______ case.
A subject in English is usually in the ______ case.
Match the following grammatical functions with their definitions:
Match the following grammatical functions with their definitions:
In which sentence does ‘all’ float from the subject noun phrase?
In which sentence does ‘all’ float from the subject noun phrase?
In the sentence 'The foxes were all hunted', 'all' is part of the oblique object.
In the sentence 'The foxes were all hunted', 'all' is part of the oblique object.
In the sentence 'Masha pushed Ivan', identify the subject.
In the sentence 'Masha pushed Ivan', identify the subject.
Which of the following sentences contains a direct object?
Which of the following sentences contains a direct object?
In the sentence 'The cup was broken by Louise', 'Louise' is the direct object.
In the sentence 'The cup was broken by Louise', 'Louise' is the direct object.
What is typically referred to by the direct object NPs in English?
What is typically referred to by the direct object NPs in English?
In the sentence 'Tatiana wrote _____ Onegin', the blank should be filled with a _____ object.
In the sentence 'Tatiana wrote _____ Onegin', the blank should be filled with a _____ object.
Match the verbs with their types based on the given constructions:
Match the verbs with their types based on the given constructions:
Which of the following sentences demonstrates the use of an oblique object?
Which of the following sentences demonstrates the use of an oblique object?
The direct object noun phrase can be preceded by a preposition.
The direct object noun phrase can be preceded by a preposition.
What is the role of the phrase 'to Harriet' in the sentence 'Emma gave Harriet advice'?
What is the role of the phrase 'to Harriet' in the sentence 'Emma gave Harriet advice'?
In English, a direct object can be preceded by a preposition.
In English, a direct object can be preceded by a preposition.
What grammatical role do direct object nouns typically refer to?
What grammatical role do direct object nouns typically refer to?
In the sentence 'Celia gave Ben the car', 'Ben' serves as the ______ object.
In the sentence 'Celia gave Ben the car', 'Ben' serves as the ______ object.
Match the following sentences with their correct classifications:
Match the following sentences with their correct classifications:
Which of the following verbs traditionally indicated the presence of an indirect object?
Which of the following verbs traditionally indicated the presence of an indirect object?
The concept of indirect object has been completely abandoned in modern grammar.
The concept of indirect object has been completely abandoned in modern grammar.
What case do direct object nouns take in languages with sets of case suffixes?
What case do direct object nouns take in languages with sets of case suffixes?
What grammatical function is responsible for controlling the interpretation of reflexive pronouns?
What grammatical function is responsible for controlling the interpretation of reflexive pronouns?
The subject of a clause has the property of taking the accusative case.
The subject of a clause has the property of taking the accusative case.
What term refers to the entity performing an action in a situation?
What term refers to the entity performing an action in a situation?
The subject in the sentence 'The dog chased the cat' is the ______.
The subject in the sentence 'The dog chased the cat' is the ______.
Which of the following sentences correctly illustrates the floating property of subjects?
Which of the following sentences correctly illustrates the floating property of subjects?
In English, subjects are linked with verbs only in number.
In English, subjects are linked with verbs only in number.
In the sentence 'The cat caught a mouse', 'a mouse' serves as the ______.
In the sentence 'The cat caught a mouse', 'a mouse' serves as the ______.
In the sentence 'The thief smashed the window with a hammer', what role does 'hammer' play?
In the sentence 'The thief smashed the window with a hammer', what role does 'hammer' play?
The role of Benefactive refers to the entity that performs the action in a sentence.
The role of Benefactive refers to the entity that performs the action in a sentence.
What term is used to describe the role of participants that are neutral between Agent and Patient?
What term is used to describe the role of participants that are neutral between Agent and Patient?
In the sentence 'Sue knows the answer', Sue is said to have the role of an ______.
In the sentence 'Sue knows the answer', Sue is said to have the role of an ______.
Match the following roles with their descriptions:
Match the following roles with their descriptions:
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of 'baby' in a state sentence?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of 'baby' in a state sentence?
In the phrase 'Imogen broke the vase', the vase is identified as the Goal.
In the phrase 'Imogen broke the vase', the vase is identified as the Goal.
The term ______ refers to the participant role that represents an instrument used in an action.
The term ______ refers to the participant role that represents an instrument used in an action.
What role is typically associated with nouns such as 'flood' as discussed in the context?
What role is typically associated with nouns such as 'flood' as discussed in the context?
The term 'Comitative' refers to situations where entities are in the same place.
The term 'Comitative' refers to situations where entities are in the same place.
What does the presence of the preposition 'with' typically indicate in a sentence?
What does the presence of the preposition 'with' typically indicate in a sentence?
In the sentence 'The intense cold killed the climbers', 'cold' functions as a ______.
In the sentence 'The intense cold killed the climbers', 'cold' functions as a ______.
Match the following roles with their correct definitions:
Match the following roles with their correct definitions:
Which example shows a non-prototypical use of human beings as instruments?
Which example shows a non-prototypical use of human beings as instruments?
All instances of the preposition 'with' can be analyzed the same way.
All instances of the preposition 'with' can be analyzed the same way.
How can the roles of participants affect the interpretation of sentences involving actions?
How can the roles of participants affect the interpretation of sentences involving actions?
Which of the following defines a prototypical Agent?
Which of the following defines a prototypical Agent?
All Agents necessarily have volition and energy in carrying out their actions.
All Agents necessarily have volition and energy in carrying out their actions.
Provide an example of a sentence where an Agent exerts their will-power.
Provide an example of a sentence where an Agent exerts their will-power.
A _____ is an entity that produces an effect simply by being in a certain position without initiating an action.
A _____ is an entity that produces an effect simply by being in a certain position without initiating an action.
Which example illustrates a non-volitional Agent?
Which example illustrates a non-volitional Agent?
Match the following sentences with their corresponding Agent types:
Match the following sentences with their corresponding Agent types:
Actions expressed by verbs such as 'die' and 'lie' are not considered voluntary despite being in the imperative form.
Actions expressed by verbs such as 'die' and 'lie' are not considered voluntary despite being in the imperative form.
What is a key characteristic of an Experiencer in relation to Agents?
What is a key characteristic of an Experiencer in relation to Agents?
What role does Kingston represent in Mr. Knightley's journey?
What role does Kingston represent in Mr. Knightley's journey?
In the sentence 'The thief smashed the window with a hammer', what role does 'hammer' fulfill?
In the sentence 'The thief smashed the window with a hammer', what role does 'hammer' fulfill?
Which of the following roles is associated with the phrase 'for Mrs. Smith' in the sentence 'Captain Wentworth recovered the property for Mrs. Smith'?
Which of the following roles is associated with the phrase 'for Mrs. Smith' in the sentence 'Captain Wentworth recovered the property for Mrs. Smith'?
What role does the noun phrase 'the vase' play in the example 'The vase stood on the table in the hall'?
What role does the noun phrase 'the vase' play in the example 'The vase stood on the table in the hall'?
In the context of psychological experiences, which of the following terms refers to the role Susan has in the sentence 'Sue knows the answer'?
In the context of psychological experiences, which of the following terms refers to the role Susan has in the sentence 'Sue knows the answer'?
Which verb type is identified as having the role of Experiencer in the provided examples?
Which verb type is identified as having the role of Experiencer in the provided examples?
The role associated with an entity that reflects a psychological state in the sentence 'The answer is known to Sue' can be categorized as what?
The role associated with an entity that reflects a psychological state in the sentence 'The answer is known to Sue' can be categorized as what?
What role is typically signaled by the preposition 'for' in sentences?
What role is typically signaled by the preposition 'for' in sentences?
In the sentence 'The baby chewed the biscuit', what role does 'the baby' play?
In the sentence 'The baby chewed the biscuit', what role does 'the baby' play?
Which question can help identify the Patient in a sentence?
Which question can help identify the Patient in a sentence?
What is the role of 'Surrey' in the sentence 'Hartfield House is in Surrey'?
What is the role of 'Surrey' in the sentence 'Hartfield House is in Surrey'?
Which of the following sentences can be incorporated into a WH cleft construction?
Which of the following sentences can be incorporated into a WH cleft construction?
What distinguishes the sentence 'The baby is heavy.' from 'The baby chewed the biscuit.'?
What distinguishes the sentence 'The baby is heavy.' from 'The baby chewed the biscuit.'?
Which type of role is represented by 'Kingston' in 'Mr. Knightley rode to Kingston.'?
Which type of role is represented by 'Kingston' in 'Mr. Knightley rode to Kingston.'?
Which of the following is a peripheral participant according to the roles discussed?
Which of the following is a peripheral participant according to the roles discussed?
In the context of roles, what question can help identify the Agent in a sentence?
In the context of roles, what question can help identify the Agent in a sentence?
Which statement best defines a prototypical Agent?
Which statement best defines a prototypical Agent?
Which of the following examples represents an Agent that does not exhibit volition?
Which of the following examples represents an Agent that does not exhibit volition?
What distinguishes actions like 'die' and 'lie' in the context of being Agents?
What distinguishes actions like 'die' and 'lie' in the context of being Agents?
Which sentence illustrates an Agent performing an action by commanding others?
Which sentence illustrates an Agent performing an action by commanding others?
How can the Agent concept also apply to machines?
How can the Agent concept also apply to machines?
What effect does the presence of an adverb like 'accidentally' have on the perception of actions?
What effect does the presence of an adverb like 'accidentally' have on the perception of actions?
In which of the following scenarios is the Agent considered as a natural force?
In which of the following scenarios is the Agent considered as a natural force?
What role do prototypical Agents play in sentence construction?
What role do prototypical Agents play in sentence construction?
In example (1a), what role does 'roses' play in the clause?
In example (1a), what role does 'roses' play in the clause?
What type of role does 'garden' take in example (1b)?
What type of role does 'garden' take in example (1b)?
Which sentence changes the interpretation of the direct object from the subject of the clause?
Which sentence changes the interpretation of the direct object from the subject of the clause?
What is the key difference in syntactic structure between examples (1a) and (1b)?
What is the key difference in syntactic structure between examples (1a) and (1b)?
In example (34b), what role do 'concrete blocks' fulfill in the sentence?
In example (34b), what role do 'concrete blocks' fulfill in the sentence?
Which example illustrates a Comitative role in construction?
Which example illustrates a Comitative role in construction?
What does the term 'Patient' refer to in the context of these clauses?
What does the term 'Patient' refer to in the context of these clauses?
Which sentence structure indicates a prepositional complement in example (1a)?
Which sentence structure indicates a prepositional complement in example (1a)?
What role does the noun 'flood' typically represent in a sentence?
What role does the noun 'flood' typically represent in a sentence?
In the sentences provided, how is the intense cold described in scenario (8b)?
In the sentences provided, how is the intense cold described in scenario (8b)?
What does the term Comitative imply in the provided examples with the preposition 'with'?
What does the term Comitative imply in the provided examples with the preposition 'with'?
In which example does 'with' indicate an Instrumental role?
In which example does 'with' indicate an Instrumental role?
Which of the following correctly explains the difference in the role of cold in examples (8b) and (8c)?
Which of the following correctly explains the difference in the role of cold in examples (8b) and (8c)?
What type of role does 'key' serve in the phrase 'Catriona opened the door with this key'?
What type of role does 'key' serve in the phrase 'Catriona opened the door with this key'?
In the context provided, how are 'roses' categorized in the sentence 'The gardener planted roses in the garden'?
In the context provided, how are 'roses' categorized in the sentence 'The gardener planted roses in the garden'?
What does the use of the word 'with' in the example 'The builders made the wall with concrete blocks' signify?
What does the use of the word 'with' in the example 'The builders made the wall with concrete blocks' signify?
Flashcards
Head of a phrase
Head of a phrase
The word in a phrase that controls other words (modifiers).
Modifier
Modifier
A word that describes or gives more information about the head.
Phrase
Phrase
A group of words with a head and its modifiers.
Noun as a head
Noun as a head
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Adjective as a head
Adjective as a head
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Preposition
Preposition
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Grammatical sentence
Grammatical sentence
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Ungrammatical sentence
Ungrammatical sentence
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Preposition Rule
Preposition Rule
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Preposition Exceptions
Preposition Exceptions
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Pronoun Usage (Prepositions)
Pronoun Usage (Prepositions)
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Head (Grammar)
Head (Grammar)
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Modifier (Grammar)
Modifier (Grammar)
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Complement (Grammar)
Complement (Grammar)
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Adjunct (Grammar)
Adjunct (Grammar)
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Verb Control (Grammar)
Verb Control (Grammar)
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Complement
Complement
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Adjunct
Adjunct
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Clause
Clause
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Collocation
Collocation
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Head (in syntax)
Head (in syntax)
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Dependency Relation (in Syntax)
Dependency Relation (in Syntax)
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Head
Head
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Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
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Relative Clause
Relative Clause
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Preposition Stranding
Preposition Stranding
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Declarative Clause
Declarative Clause
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Formal vs. Informal
Formal vs. Informal
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Noun Phrase Modifier
Noun Phrase Modifier
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Transposition Test
Transposition Test
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Subject
Subject
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Direct Object
Direct Object
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Adverb of Time
Adverb of Time
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Test of Transposition
Test of Transposition
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What is 'very heavy' in (4a)?
What is 'very heavy' in (4a)?
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What is 'very heavy' in (4b)?
What is 'very heavy' in (4b)?
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Substitution Test
Substitution Test
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What does 'so' replace in example 3?
What does 'so' replace in example 3?
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Preposition Substitution
Preposition Substitution
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What are Constructions?
What are Constructions?
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What is the relationship between constructions?
What is the relationship between constructions?
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What is a declarative construction?
What is a declarative construction?
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What is an interrogative construction?
What is an interrogative construction?
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What's the purpose behind different constructions?
What's the purpose behind different constructions?
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What makes (1a) and (1b) related?
What makes (1a) and (1b) related?
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How does a declarative construction differ from an interrogative one?
How does a declarative construction differ from an interrogative one?
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What is the role of constructions in communication?
What is the role of constructions in communication?
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Active Clause
Active Clause
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Passive Clause
Passive Clause
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Long Passive
Long Passive
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Short Passive
Short Passive
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Copula Verb
Copula Verb
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Non-Copula verb
Non-Copula verb
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YES-NO Interrogative
YES-NO Interrogative
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WH Interrogative
WH Interrogative
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What are copula constructions?
What are copula constructions?
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What are ascriptive copula clauses?
What are ascriptive copula clauses?
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What are equative copula clauses?
What are equative copula clauses?
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What are locative copula clauses?
What are locative copula clauses?
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What is the difference between declarative and interrogative copula clauses?
What is the difference between declarative and interrogative copula clauses?
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Declarative Construction
Declarative Construction
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Interrogative Construction
Interrogative Construction
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Active Construction
Active Construction
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Passive Construction
Passive Construction
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Oblique Object
Oblique Object
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Double Object
Double Object
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Basic Construction
Basic Construction
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System of Constructions
System of Constructions
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Patient
Patient
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Accusative Case
Accusative Case
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Three Major Relationships
Three Major Relationships
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Grammatical Subject
Grammatical Subject
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Passive Sentence
Passive Sentence
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Control of Reflexives
Control of Reflexives
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Floating Quantifiers
Floating Quantifiers
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Nominative Case
Nominative Case
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Person and Number Links
Person and Number Links
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Subject (Grammar)
Subject (Grammar)
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What's the difference between a Subject and a Direct Object?
What's the difference between a Subject and a Direct Object?
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Goal Role
Goal Role
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Source Role
Source Role
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Instrument Role
Instrument Role
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Benefactive Role
Benefactive Role
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Theme Role
Theme Role
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Experiencer Role
Experiencer Role
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Stative Verb
Stative Verb
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Psychological Experience
Psychological Experience
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Comitative Role
Comitative Role
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Patient Role
Patient Role
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Planting Roses Example
Planting Roses Example
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Agent Role
Agent Role
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Preposition 'With'
Preposition 'With'
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Intense Cold Example
Intense Cold Example
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Grammatical Analysis
Grammatical Analysis
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Agent (Grammar)
Agent (Grammar)
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Prototypical Agent
Prototypical Agent
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Agent with Will-Power
Agent with Will-Power
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Agent in a Position
Agent in a Position
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Command-Giving Agent
Command-Giving Agent
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Energy-Using Agent
Energy-Using Agent
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What are the different types of Agents?
What are the different types of Agents?
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What is the importance of identifying Agents in grammar?
What is the importance of identifying Agents in grammar?
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Goal Role (Grammar)
Goal Role (Grammar)
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Source Role (Grammar)
Source Role (Grammar)
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Instrument Role (Grammar)
Instrument Role (Grammar)
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Benefactive Role (Grammar)
Benefactive Role (Grammar)
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Theme Role (Grammar)
Theme Role (Grammar)
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Experiencer Role (Grammar)
Experiencer Role (Grammar)
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Stative Verb (Grammar)
Stative Verb (Grammar)
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Psychological Experience (Grammar)
Psychological Experience (Grammar)
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What are roles in grammar?
What are roles in grammar?
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What are some examples of roles?
What are some examples of roles?
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How are roles assigned to noun phrases?
How are roles assigned to noun phrases?
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What are tests for identifying roles?
What are tests for identifying roles?
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What are some ways to identify the Patient?
What are some ways to identify the Patient?
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What are other important roles besides Agent and Patient?
What are other important roles besides Agent and Patient?
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Place Role
Place Role
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Study Notes
Heads and Modifiers
- Syntax discussion begins with two central ideas
- One word, the head, controls other words, the modifiers
- A head can have multiple or no modifiers
- Words group into phrases, often combining heads and their modifiers
- Example: In "the large dog," "dog" is the head, and "the" and "large" are modifiers
- Example: In "barked loudly," "barked" is the head, and "loudly" is the modifier
Phrases
- A phrase is a group of related words, acting as a single unit
- Phrases can be moved around within clauses
- Inside phrases, links exist between heads and modifiers (relationship of modification)
- Modification is crucial for syntax and understanding word order in various languages
Noun as Controlling Word
- Nouns can control other words in a sentence
- Examples demonstrate valid and invalid noun-based sentence structures: -Example: "Ethel was sitting in her desk" is valid -Example: "The Ethel was sitting in her desk" is invalid.
- Nouns like "accountant" require supporting words (e.g., "the" or "a") to be used precisely
- Plural nouns form a different arrangement; they don't use "the" or "a" and often contain a suffix (e.g., "-s").
Adjectives as Controlling Words
- Adjectives, such as "sad" or "big", can allow modifying words, such as "very"
- Other adjectives, like "wooden", avoid modifiers such as "very" and "more"
- Words like "sadder" and "wooden" are accepted.
Prepositions
- Prepositions are often followed by noun groups or single nouns
- Few prepositions accept another preposition between them and the noun
- Standard English prepositions typically accept pronouns but avoid "I", "he", "she", "we", and "they"; these are replaced by "me", "him", "her", "us", and "them" in a sentence.
Heads, Modifiers, and Meaning
- The head conveys core information
- Modifiers clarify or expand on the core information
- Example: "The expensive books" – "books" is the head, and "expensive" is the modifier
Verbs and Phrases
- Verbs have varying control over sentence structure (phrases)
- Some verbs require a direct object, some exclude one, and others don't demand an object but allow one.
Complements and Adjuncts
- Modifiers are divided into complements and adjuncts
- Complements are essential, completing a verb or noun's meaning
- Adjuncts are additional (non-essential) contextual information, like time or place
Clauses
- Clauses are analytical units, vital for understanding syntax coherence
- Phrases define relationships between parts (like heads and modifiers)
- Clauses define relationships involving verbs and different phrases
- A basic clause comprises an action and those involved in that action.
- An optional time/place element can be included in a clause.
Dictionary Entries and Collocations
- Dictionary entries give the status of phrases (complement or adjunct)
- English incorporates fixed verb-noun (or verb-adjective-or preposition) combinations (collocations)
- Collocations restrict lexical items (words) used together (e.g., "toast bread," "prove useless," "blame someone")
Verbs, Complements, and Order of Phrases
- Heads and modifiers form dependency relationships
- Heads control modifiers (modifiers depend on their head/s)
- Heads and their modifiers form phrases
Summary
- Phrases have a head and optional modifiers
- Clauses have a head (verb); modifiers are subdivided into essential complements or optional adjuncts
- Adjuncts and optional additions for time, location, etc., in a phrase
- Complement usage is frequently shown in lexical entries for verbs, prepositions and nouns
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