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Questions and Answers
What is one of the key features of a synovial joint?
Which type of synovial joint allows movement around a single axis?
Which of the following describes a biaxial joint?
What are the different types of attachment for muscles?
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Which type of muscle fiber arrangement is characterized by fibers running parallel to the line of pull?
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What is the function of ligaments in synovial joints?
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Which muscle type serves as the primary muscle responsible for producing a specific movement?
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What movement occurs when a limb is moved away from the midline of the body?
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Which type of synovial joint is exemplified by the shoulder joint?
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What is the primary function of bursae in the body?
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in total?
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Circumduction is a combination of which types of movements?
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Which joints are characterized by flat articular surfaces that allow bones to slide over each other?
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Which component of a spinal nerve is responsible for carrying sensory information?
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What role do fixator muscles play in movement?
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What movement is described as the medial rotation of the forearm that brings the palm of the hand to face posteriorly?
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What type of bursae are located between tendons and bones?
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In terms of joint stability, which factor does NOT contribute?
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Which type of muscle is characterized by being involuntary and striated?
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What does Hilton's Law state about the nerves supplying a joint?
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What is typically true about the origin and insertion of skeletal muscles?
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What is a primary characteristic of smooth muscle?
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Which factor does NOT affect the range of movement of a joint?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle mentioned?
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Study Notes
Synovial Joints
- Possess a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
- Connected by a fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane
- Reinforced externally by ligaments
- Articulating surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage
- Allow movement
Types of Synovial Joints
-
Uniaxial:
- Hinge: movement in one plane (e.g., elbow, interphalangeal, ankle)
- Pivot: rotation around a vertical axis (e.g., superior radioulnar joint)
-
Biaxial:
- Condylar: movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (e.g., knee)
- Ellipsoid: similar range of motion to condylar (e.g., wrist)
- Saddle: allows movement in two planes with some rotation (e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
- Polyaxial (Ball and Socket): allows movement in all directions (e.g., shoulder, hip)
- Non-Axial (Plane): allows gliding movements (e.g., intercarpal, intertarsal, superior tibiofibular)
Joint Movements
- Flexion: moving a body part forward or bending it
- Extension: moving a body part backward or straightening it
- Abduction: moving a limb away from the midline
- Adduction: moving a limb towards the midline
- Circumduction: a sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
- Rotation: moving a limb around a vertical axis, can be medial or lateral
- Pronation: medial rotation of the forearm (palm faces posteriorly)
- Supination: lateral rotation of the forearm (palm faces anteriorly)
Factors Affecting Joint Stability
- Shape and fit of articulating surfaces
- Thickness and elasticity of the joint capsule
- Position and strength of ligaments
- Strength of surrounding muscles
Factors Affecting Range of Movement
- Tension of surrounding ligaments
- Contraction of antagonistic muscles
- Contact and pressure from surrounding soft tissues
Hilton's Law
- The nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles acting on that joint.
Types of Muscles
-
Skeletal:
- Attached to the skeleton
- Voluntary contraction
- Striated muscle fibers
- Multinucleated cells with peripheral nuclei
- Supplied by somatic nerves
-
Smooth:
- Found in blood vessels and viscera
- Involuntary contraction
- Non-striated muscle fibers
- Spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus
- Supplied by autonomic nerves
-
Cardiac:
- Found in the heart
- Involuntary contraction
- Striated muscle fibers
- Branched cells with a single nucleus
- Supplied by autonomic nerves
Skeletal Muscle Attachments
- Origin: usually the most fixed attachment, often proximal
- Insertion: usually the most mobile attachment, often distal
Types of Skeletal Muscle Attachments
- Bone (most common)
- Fibrous raphe
- Skin
- Intermediate tendon
- Cartilage
Forms of Skeletal Muscles
- Parallel Fibers: fibers run parallel to the line of pull
- Oblique Fibers: fibers run at an angle to the line of pull
Types of Muscles According to Function
- Prime Mover (Agonist): the main muscle responsible for a specific movement
- Antagonist: the muscle that opposes the prime mover, allowing for controlled movement
- Fixator (Stabilizer): a muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover or the joint it acts upon
- Synergist: assists the prime mover by eliminating unwanted movements
Bursae
- Localized sacs filled with synovial fluid
- Reduce friction between opposing structures
-
Types:
- Subcutaneous: between skin and bone
- Subtendinous: between tendon and bone
- Interligamentous: between ligaments
- Submuscular: between muscle and underlying structures
Spinal Nerves
- 31 pairs
- Arrangement: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
-
Roots:
- Dorsal Root: sensory fibers, contains dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
- Ventral Root: motor fibers
- Nerve Trunk: formed by the union of dorsal and ventral roots, leaves the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen and divides into anterior and posterior rami
-
Rami:
- Anterior Rami: supply skin and muscles of the front of the trunk, upper and lower limbs
- Posterior Rami: supply skin and muscles of the back of the trunk
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of synovial joints with this quiz. Delve into their structure, types, and various movements, from uniaxial to polyaxial. Test your knowledge on how these joints function in the human body.
