joints/cartilage

outer layer (fibrous capsule) has dense, fibrous connective tissue attached to periosteum of articulating bones its flexibility permits movement at the joint whereas its strength resists dislocation

synovial membrane-inner layer has loose connective tissue inner surface, rich supply of blood capillaries lines entire joint cavity except articular cartilages and articular disc (if present)

desc cartilage sac composed of two layers- outer fibrous layer and inner membrane

fn surrounds and encloses the joint

desc Dense fibrous connective tissue attached to the periosteum of the articulating bones.

fn Flexibility permits movement and strength; prevents dislocation.

<p>desc: loose connective tissue inside fibrous capsule, well-supplied with BV</p> <p>fn: secrete synovial fluid into synovial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>desc: similar in appearance and consistency to egg white forms a thin film over surfaces in capsule contains phagocytic cells</p> <p>fn: lubricate joint provide nourishment for cells of articular cartilage and removes microbes and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>desc smooth tough cartilage that covers articulating surfaces of the joint</p> <p>fn provide smooth surfaces that have little friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>desc fibrocartilage menisci extend inwards from articular cartilage</p> <p>fn divide synovial cavity into 2 directing synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>desc small sacs of synovial fluid</p> <p>fn reduce friction between bones and ligaments or tendons or btwn bone and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>desc extra ligaments in joints</p> <p>fn hold bones tgt, particularly during extended movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fit of articulating bones</p> <p>strength of joint ligaments</p> <p>tension provided by muscles around the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>spherical head of one bone fits into cup like cavity of another</p> <p>e.g. head of humerus fits into depression of scapula head of femur articulates with pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>allow movement in one plane only, like a hinge door convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another</p> <p>e.g. elbow and knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>rounded end of one bone articulates with a ring, formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament</p> <p>e.g. radius and ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>allow movement in any direction restricted only by ligaments or bony processes surrounding joint</p> <p>e.g. scapula and clavicle btwn carpal bones btwn tarsal bones btwn sternum and clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 bones forming the joint are both saddle-shaped – concave in one direction and convex in the other; they fit together in such a way that they allow both side-to-side and back-and-forth movements.</p> <p>e.g. metacarpal bone of thumb</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Have one surface of bone slightly convex that fits into a slightly concave depression in another bone; they allow movement in 2 directions</p> <p>e.g. btwn metacarpal bones and phalanges of fingers btwn metatarsal bones and phalanges of toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>flexion (bending) decrease angle between articulating bones</p> <p>extension (straightening) increase angle between articulating bones</p> <p>abduction movement away from midline of body</p> <p>adduction movement toward midline of body</p> <p>rotation movement of bone around its long axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fibrous no joint cavity no movement</p> <p>cartilaginous no joint cavity none/slight movement</p> <p>synovial: there is a joint cavity freely moveable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>structure contains many packed collagen fibres in matrix</p> <p>chara great strength toughness flexibility</p> <p>location rings of bronchi and trachea and on articulating bone surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>structure elastic fibres collagen fibres aren't so tightly packed</p> <p>chara: flexible elastic support</p> <p>location: external ear epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>structure thick coarse collagen fibres in bundles</p> <p>chara strength and toughness but can be slightly compressed ideal for supporting weight</p> <p>location invertebral discs articular cartilage of knee joint between pubic bones joining 2 sides of pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>numerous fibres made of collagen</p> <p>collagen is embedded in a firm matrix of chondrin (protein-carbohydrate complex)</p> <p>firm matrix enables cartilage to function as structural support</p> <p>presence of fibres gives cartilage a certain amount of flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>firm matrix which has spaces for collagen fibres and cartilage cells (chondroblasts)</p> <p>chondroblasts produce matrix and gradually become surrounded by it until they're trapped in small spaces (lacunae)</p> <p>once trapped in lacunae, chondroblasts are considered to be mature and are known as chondrocytes</p> <p>collagen fibres in matrix range in thickness, the variation in fibrous structure classifies cartilage into 3 types: hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bones lie along central axis of body provide main support for erect posture protects CNS and thoracic organs</p> <p>bones include skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bones making up the upper and lower limbs and the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hips) girdles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>shaft (diaphysis): main portion of bone</p> <p>ends (epiphyses): enlarged ends of bone; a thin layer of cartilage, articular cartilage covers each epiphyses</p> <p>diaphysis is a hollow cylinder of compact bone surrounding a cavity. this cavity is used as far storage site and is often called the yellow bone marrow cavity</p> <p>epiphyses have compact bone on outside but spongy (or cancellous) bone in central regions. cancellous bone is more porous and contains many spaces filled with marrow</p> <p>outer surface of bone = dense white fibrous covering (periosteum)</p> Signup and view all the answers