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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of joints in the body?
Which type of joint is characterized as freely movable?
What type of connective tissue primarily unites bones in fibrous joints?
Which of the following is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
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What is the role of synovial fluid in joints?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with synovial joints?
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Which of the following types of synovial joints allows for a back-and-forth motion?
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Which characteristic of synovial joints helps to reduce friction between bones and ligaments?
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Which type of synovial joint allows for movement around three axes?
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What is a characteristic feature of pivot joints?
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What typically happens to ligaments when they are overstretched?
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What is tendinitis?
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Which type of injury is characterized as a strain?
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What is a common symptom of a dislocated joint?
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Which type of synovial joint is exemplified by the thumb joint?
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What best describes the role of tendons in the body?
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What type of cartilage is found at the ends of bones and in free-moving joints?
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Which condition is characterized by pain along the shaft of the tibia due to overuse?
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What is the primary reason for the long healing time of cartilage?
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In the context of sports injuries, what does the 'S' in S.H.A.R.P. stand for?
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Which treatment involves applying pressure and ice simultaneously for injury management?
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Which of the following structures may be involved in a rotator cuff tear?
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Which type of cartilage is described as 'yellow' and found in the external ear?
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What common risk factor could contribute to shin splints?
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What anatomical classification is the knee joint?
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Which ligament is NOT considered a crucial stabilizing structure of the knee joint?
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What is the typical 'Q' angle for females?
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Osgood-Schlatter syndrome primarily affects which part of the body?
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Which structure is involved in patellofemoral syndrome?
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What joint movement is NOT allowed by the ankle joint?
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Which statement is true regarding inversion sprains?
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Which ligament provides medial stability to the knee joint?
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Study Notes
The Articular System
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Joints are the articulations of bones, where two or more bones come together; they serve to hold bones together and allow for mobility.
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Joints are classified by function (type and extent of movement)
- Synarthrosis: Generally immovable, like the skull.
- Amphiarthrosis: Immovable or slightly moveable, like the vertebrae.
- Diarthrosis: Freely moveable, like the hip joint.
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Joints are classified structurally (what they are made of)
- Fibrous joints: Generally immovable, connected by fibrous connective tissue, like the sutures in the skull.
- Cartilaginous joints: Immovable or slightly moveable, connected by cartilage, like the intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis.
- Synovial joints: Freely moveable, articulating bones separated by a joint cavity with synovial fluid, cartilage, and ligaments.
Synovial Joints
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6 characteristics of synovial joints:
- Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage protecting the ends of bones, acting as a shock absorber.
- Articular (joint) capsule: Composed of synovial membrane (semi-permeable) and fibrous capsule (prevents fluid leakage).
- Joint cavity: Filled with synovial fluid, reducing friction and providing nutrients.
- Bursae: Small, flat fluid sacs reducing friction between bones, ligaments, and tendons.
- Intrinsic ligaments: Thick bands reinforcing the joint capsule (e.g., ACL).
- Extrinsic ligaments: Outside the capsule, reinforcing the joint and attaching bone to bone (e.g., patellar ligament).
Types of Synovial Joints
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6 types of synovial joints:
- Gliding joints: Connects flat or slightly curved bones (e.g., between carpals and tarsals).
- Hinge joints: Convex portion fitting into concave portion, movement in one plane (e.g., elbow joint and phalanges).
- Pivot joints: Rotation in one plane (uni-axial) with a rounded point of one bone fitting into a grove of another (e.g., joint between C1 and C2).
- Ellipsoid joints: Movement in 2 planes (e.g., wrist joint).
- Saddle joints: Movement in 2 planes (e.g., thumb joint).
- Ball-and-socket joints: Movement around 3 axes (e.g., hip and shoulder joints).
Sport-Related Injuries
- Relevant tissue properties: Every tissue has a tolerance and a breakpoint.
- Ligaments: Attach bone to bone, tough bands of white fibrous tissue, allow minimal stretch. They are static stabilizers of joints.
- Tendons: Attach muscle to bone, bundles of white fibrous protein. They have greater stretch than ligaments.
- Sprains: Tears to ligaments.
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Strains: Tears to muscles or tendons.
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3 grades of severity:
- 1st Degree: Mild, short healing time.
- 2nd Degree: Moderate, requires diagnosis and treatment.
- 3rd Degree: Severe, may need surgery and rehabilitation.
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3 grades of severity:
- Tendonitis: Inflammation of a tendon due to abnormal or prolonged use.
- Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursa.
- Arthritis: Inflammation of the joint.
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Dislocations: When a bone is displaced from its original location, often causing damage to the joint capsule and ligaments.
- Symptoms: Joint deformation, pain when palpated or moved, and joint dysfunction.
- Separations: Ligament tears that separate bones from each other (e.g., AC joint separation).
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Cartilage Types:
- Hyaline cartilage: Most common, at ends of bones and free-moving joints.
- Fibrocartilage: Very strong, between vertebrae.
- Elastic cartilage: Yellow cartilage, in the external ear, auditory tube, and epiglottis.
- Shin splints: Tearing of the interosseous membrane or periosteum. Painful overuse condition of the tibia, often medial or lateral sides.
- Rotator cuff tear: May involve one or more of the four rotator cuff muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
Knee Joint Anatomy
- Modified ellipsoid joint: Allows flexion, extension, and slight rotation.
- Femur: Distal end has articulating cartilage.
- Tibia: Proximal end has two menisci (fibrocartilage disks on the tibial condyles).
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Cruciate ligaments: Interior ligaments that cross and stop anterior/posterior movements of the knee joint.
- ACL: Anterior cruciate ligament.
- PCL: Posterior cruciate ligament.
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Exterior knee ligaments: Provide medial and lateral stability.
- MCL: Medial collateral (tibial) ligament.
- LCL: Lateral collateral (fibular) ligament.
Knee Injuries
- Knee ligament tears: Often caused by blows to the lateral side of the knee, causing damage to the medial side.
- Q angle: Quadriceps angle, around 14 degrees for males and 17 degrees for females. Affects overall alignment of the patella and can increase risk of ACL injuries.
Other Knee Conditions
- Osgood-Schlatter syndrome: Affects the epiphyseal plate of the tibia, causing "growing pains" with overuse.
- Patellofemoral syndrome (PFS): Gradual onset of anterior knee pain, aggravated by some sports.
Ankle Joint Anatomy
- Modified hinge joint: Distal ends of tibia (medial malleolus) and fibula (lateral malleolus) rest on the talus.
- Allows plantar/dorsiflexion and inversion/eversion:
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Ligaments:
- Anterior and Posterior Tibiofibular Ligaments
- Anterior and Posterior Talofibular Ligaments
- Calcaneofibular Ligament
- Deltoid Ligament: Strong ligament on the medial side.
Ankle Injuries
- Inversion sprains: "Twisted ankle" or "rolling over" during inversion past normal ROM (range of motion). Ankle joint is weakest in plantar flexion.
Treatment
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SHARP:
- Support
- Heat
- Apply pressure
- Rest
- Professional assessment
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PIER:
- Pressure
- Ice
- Elevate
- Rest
- Training prevention: Train muscles evenly to minimize imbalance.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the articular system and joint classifications. This quiz covers the structure and function of joints, including fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial types. Prepare to explore the various characteristics and movements associated with each joint type.
