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What is the primary purpose of synovial fluid analysis?
What is the primary purpose of synovial fluid analysis?
What is the significance of synovial fluid in joints?
What is the significance of synovial fluid in joints?
What does an accumulation of synovial fluid typically indicate?
What does an accumulation of synovial fluid typically indicate?
Which of the following is true about the articular cartilage in the joint?
Which of the following is true about the articular cartilage in the joint?
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Which of the following fluids closely resembles the viscosity of synovial fluid?
Which of the following fluids closely resembles the viscosity of synovial fluid?
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What condition is collectively described when there is pain and stiffness due to damage in the synovial membrane?
What condition is collectively described when there is pain and stiffness due to damage in the synovial membrane?
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Which joints typically contain synovial fluid?
Which joints typically contain synovial fluid?
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What is the predominant cell type in the differential count of white blood cells?
What is the predominant cell type in the differential count of white blood cells?
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Which type of fluid is most frequently used for diluting white blood cells counts?
Which type of fluid is most frequently used for diluting white blood cells counts?
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Eosinophils are elevated in which of the following conditions?
Eosinophils are elevated in which of the following conditions?
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What is the role of hyaluronidase in the context of cell count analysis?
What is the role of hyaluronidase in the context of cell count analysis?
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Which white blood cell type is most likely to increase due to autoimmune conditions?
Which white blood cell type is most likely to increase due to autoimmune conditions?
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What is the primary function of synovial fluid during physical activities?
What is the primary function of synovial fluid during physical activities?
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What type of proteins are excluded during the nonselective filtration of synovial fluid?
What type of proteins are excluded during the nonselective filtration of synovial fluid?
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Which method is typically used for the collection of synovial fluid?
Which method is typically used for the collection of synovial fluid?
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What is the typical behavior of normal synovial fluid in relation to clotting?
What is the typical behavior of normal synovial fluid in relation to clotting?
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What might prompt a doctor to analyze synovial fluid?
What might prompt a doctor to analyze synovial fluid?
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Which of the following statements about joint compression is correct?
Which of the following statements about joint compression is correct?
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What condition may indicate clotting in synovial fluid?
What condition may indicate clotting in synovial fluid?
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During which types of activities is the shock-absorbing function of synovial fluid especially important?
During which types of activities is the shock-absorbing function of synovial fluid especially important?
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In what scenario would a patient likely undergo arthrocentesis?
In what scenario would a patient likely undergo arthrocentesis?
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What is the main purpose of performing arthrocentesis?
What is the main purpose of performing arthrocentesis?
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What volume of synovial fluid is considered normal in a healthy joint?
What volume of synovial fluid is considered normal in a healthy joint?
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What is a potential characteristic of synovial fluid in cases of inflammation?
What is a potential characteristic of synovial fluid in cases of inflammation?
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During arthrocentesis, what type of anesthesia is usually used?
During arthrocentesis, what type of anesthesia is usually used?
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Which of the following describes turbid synovial fluid?
Which of the following describes turbid synovial fluid?
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Which of these is NOT a characteristic of normal synovial fluid?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of normal synovial fluid?
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What appearance might synovial fluid have if it has crystals present?
What appearance might synovial fluid have if it has crystals present?
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What is the insertion point of a needle during arthrocentesis?
What is the insertion point of a needle during arthrocentesis?
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What visual characteristic of synovial fluid indicates ochronosis?
What visual characteristic of synovial fluid indicates ochronosis?
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What is the alternative name for arthrocentesis?
What is the alternative name for arthrocentesis?
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What is a major consequence of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) accumulation in the joints?
What is a major consequence of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) accumulation in the joints?
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What effect does powdered anticoagulants have on fluid analysis?
What effect does powdered anticoagulants have on fluid analysis?
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Which anticoagulant is preferred when analyzing joint fluid to avoid interference?
Which anticoagulant is preferred when analyzing joint fluid to avoid interference?
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What appearance of the joint fluid may indicate the presence of ochronotic shards?
What appearance of the joint fluid may indicate the presence of ochronotic shards?
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What does the oily or shimmery appearance of joint fluid often result from?
What does the oily or shimmery appearance of joint fluid often result from?
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What is a potential consequence of the degeneration of synovium in joints affected by CPPD?
What is a potential consequence of the degeneration of synovium in joints affected by CPPD?
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Which of the following is true about glucose analysis in joint fluid?
Which of the following is true about glucose analysis in joint fluid?
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Which of the following describes the normal viscosity of joint fluid?
Which of the following describes the normal viscosity of joint fluid?
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What is a significant aspect to check when performing fluid analysis of synovial fluid?
What is a significant aspect to check when performing fluid analysis of synovial fluid?
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What can cause inflammation in the joints affected by crystal accumulation?
What can cause inflammation in the joints affected by crystal accumulation?
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Study Notes
Synovial Fluid Analysis
- Synovial fluid analysis (joint fluid analysis) helps diagnose joint inflammation.
- Joints contain synovial fluid for lubrication and ease of movement.
- Increased synovial fluid can indicate joint inflammation.
- Synovial fluid is a viscous fluid similar to egg white.
- Hyaluronic acid, produced by synoviocytes, is responsible for synovial fluid viscosity.
- Synovial fluid is an ultrafiltrate of plasma, containing hyaluronic acid.
- The synovium lines the synovial tendon, found in diarthrodial (movable) joints.
- Articular cartilage is avascular.
- Damage or inflammation in the synovial membrane causes arthritis.
Functions of Synovial Fluid
- Lubricates joints and reduces friction.
- Provides nutrients to articular cartilage.
- Lessens shock during joint compression.
- Keeps bones apart, protecting the cartilage.
- Enhances joint movement and function.
Synovial Fluid Specimen Collection
- Arthrocentesis (joint aspiration) is used to collect the fluid.
- A needle is inserted into the joint cavity.
- Normal synovial fluid does not clot.
- Diseased joints may clot.
Synovial Fluid Analysis: Physical Examination
- Color: Colorless to pale yellow (normal); deeper yellow indicates inflammation, greenish tinge suggests bacterial infection, red suggests blood.
- Clarity: Transparent or clear (normal); turbid indicates cells, crystals, fibrin, or free-floating bodies.
- Viscosity: Able to form a string 4-6 cm long (normal). Decreased viscosity may indicate disease, or presence of hyaluronidase-producing bacteria.
Synovial Fluid Analysis: Chemical Examination
- Glucose: Normal <10 mg/dL; higher values suggest inflammation or infection.
- Protein: Normal <3 g/dL; elevated values suggest inflammatory disorders.
- Lactate: Normal = plasma levels; elevated indicates bacterial infection.
- Uric acid: normal = plasma; elevated values in gout.
- Other possible components: Lipids, enzymes (like LDH), and other substances depending on specific conditions.
Synovial Fluid Analysis: Microscopy and Crystals
- Polarizing Microscopy: Used to identify crystals; positive (e.g., CPPD) or negative (e.g., MSU) birefringence patterns are characteristic of different crystals.
- MSU (Monosodium Urate) crystals are needle-shaped and cause gout.
- CPPD (Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate) crystals are rhomboid-shaped and associated with pseudogout.
- Other Crystals: Hydroxyapatite, basic calcium phosphate, cholesterol, calcium oxalate, corticosteroid.
Synovial Fluid Analysis: Cell Counts and Differential
- WBC Count: High values (over 100,000/µL) suggest infection or inflammation
- Differential count: Identify types of WBCs. Increased neutrophils suggest infection; increased monocytes and lymphocytes are associated with inflammatory processes.
- Neutrophils are the most common inflammatory cells
- Monocytes and macrophages also provide important inflammatory roles.
Sweat Analysis (Cystic Fibrosis)
- Measures electrolytes (sodium and chloride) in sweat.
- High chloride levels suggest Cystic Fibrosis.
- A pilocarpine iontophoresis method is frequently used to induce sweat production.
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Description
Explore the critical aspects of synovial fluid including its analysis, functions, and specimen collection methods. This quiz delves into how synovial fluid contributes to joint health, its composition, and the importance of diagnosing joint inflammation. Perfect for students and professionals in the medical field.
