36 Questions
Which type of membrane receptor is the fastest in response?
Ionotropic - Ligand-gated ion channels
What type of G-protein is active when bound to GTP?
Gα subunit
What is the main function of G-proteins in GPCRs?
Carry information from receptor enzymes to effector enzymes
Which type of membrane receptor is the most common?
Metabotropic » 7TM spanning G-protein coupled
What is the primary product of Adenylyl cyclase activity?
cyclic AMP
Which molecule activates nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)?
CA2+
What is the primary product of Phospholipase E activity?
diacylglycerol (DAG)
What is the primary function of nuclear receptor signaling?
Regulation of gene expression
What is the primary function of nitric oxide as a secondary messenger?
Activates guanylyl cyclase
What is the primary function of cyclic GMP (cGMP) as a secondary messenger?
Binds to protein kinase G
What is the primary function of diacylglycerol (DAG) as a secondary messenger?
Activates protein kinase C
What is the primary function of cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a secondary messenger?
Activates protein kinase A
Which type of membrane receptor is the second fastest in response?
Ionotropic
What is the primary function of the Gα subunit in G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling?
It binds to the effector enzyme to activate it
What is the main function of protein kinase in neuronal signaling?
It controls the balance of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
What is the primary role of G-proteins in GPCR signaling?
They carry information from receptor enzymes to effector enzymes
Which enzyme converts ATP to cyclic AMP and can be both stimulated and inhibited depending on the Gα subunit that binds to it?
Adenylyl cyclase
Which secondary messenger binds to protein kinase G and is produced from the conversion of GTP by guanylyl cyclase?
cGMP
What activates protein kinase C and is produced from the conversion of PIP2 by an effector enzyme?
DAG
Which enzyme is activated by CA2+ and catalyzes the reaction between arginine and oxygen to produce nitric oxide?
Nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)
Which signaling pathway modulates pathways in cell surface signaling, involves membrane permeable hormones, and results in the regulation of gene expression?
Nuclear receptor signaling
What forms a dimer when the signaling molecule binds to it and activates tyrosine kinase, leading to the phosphorylation of the receptor?
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
What activates RAS-activating protein, leading to the activation of the GTP/GBP exchange on the RAS protein?
RTK phosphorylation
Which molecule binds to receptors in the nucleus, forms heterodimers, and binds to specific DNA sites, resulting in the regulation of gene expression?
Retinoic acid
Which type of membrane receptor is the slowest in response?
Tyrosine-kinase linked
What is the primary function of G-proteins in GPCR signaling?
Regulate effector enzymes
What is the main target of protein kinase in neuronal signaling?
Target proteins
What is the primary role of the Gα subunit in GPCR signaling?
Bind to effector enzymes
Which enzyme converts a membrane phospholipid (PIP2) into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP₃)?
Phospholipase E
What is the primary product of Adenylyl cyclase activity?
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
What activates protein kinase C and is produced from the conversion of PIP2 by an effector enzyme?
Diacylglycerol (DAG)
What is the main function of protein kinase G in cell signaling?
Phosphorylates tyrosine residues
Which molecule is synthesised from vitamin and binds to receptors in the nucleus to modulate gene expression?
Retinoic acid
What is the primary role of GTP in G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling?
To activate G-protein complex
What is the primary function of cyclic GMP (cGMP) as a secondary messenger?
To regulate gene expression
Which molecule is a gaseous secondary messenger that diffuses to neighbouring cells to activate guanylyl cyclase?
Nitric oxide (NO)
Multiple choice quiz
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