Signal transduction in the nervous system (MCQ)
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Questions and Answers

Which type of membrane receptor is the fastest in response?

  • Tyrosine-kinase Linked with catalytic domain
  • Ionotropic - Ligand-gated ion channels (correct)
  • Protein kinase used as target proteins for neuronal signalling
  • Metabotropic » 7TM spanning G-protein coupled

    • What type of G-protein is active when bound to GTP?

  • Gγ subunit
  • Gα subunit (correct)
  • Gβ subunit
  • G-protein complex

    • What is the main function of G-proteins in GPCRs?

  • Regulate second messenger production
  • Carry information from receptor enzymes to effector enzymes (correct)
  • Activate tyrosine-kinase linked receptors
  • Directly bind to guanine nucleotides (GTP)

    • Which type of membrane receptor is the most common?

    <p>Metabotropic » 7TM spanning G-protein coupled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of Adenylyl cyclase activity?

    <p>cyclic AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule activates nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)?

    <p>CA2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of Phospholipase E activity?

    <p>diacylglycerol (DAG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nuclear receptor signaling?

    <p>Regulation of gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nitric oxide as a secondary messenger?

    <p>Activates guanylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cyclic GMP (cGMP) as a secondary messenger?

    <p>Binds to protein kinase G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of diacylglycerol (DAG) as a secondary messenger?

    <p>Activates protein kinase C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a secondary messenger?

    <p>Activates protein kinase A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane receptor is the second fastest in response?

    <p>Ionotropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Gα subunit in G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling?

    <p>It binds to the effector enzyme to activate it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of protein kinase in neuronal signaling?

    <p>It controls the balance of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of G-proteins in GPCR signaling?

    <p>They carry information from receptor enzymes to effector enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme converts ATP to cyclic AMP and can be both stimulated and inhibited depending on the Gα subunit that binds to it?

    <p>Adenylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which secondary messenger binds to protein kinase G and is produced from the conversion of GTP by guanylyl cyclase?

    <p>cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates protein kinase C and is produced from the conversion of PIP2 by an effector enzyme?

    <p>DAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is activated by CA2+ and catalyzes the reaction between arginine and oxygen to produce nitric oxide?

    <p>Nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling pathway modulates pathways in cell surface signaling, involves membrane permeable hormones, and results in the regulation of gene expression?

    <p>Nuclear receptor signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms a dimer when the signaling molecule binds to it and activates tyrosine kinase, leading to the phosphorylation of the receptor?

    <p>Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates RAS-activating protein, leading to the activation of the GTP/GBP exchange on the RAS protein?

    <p>RTK phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule binds to receptors in the nucleus, forms heterodimers, and binds to specific DNA sites, resulting in the regulation of gene expression?

    <p>Retinoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane receptor is the slowest in response?

    <p>Tyrosine-kinase linked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of G-proteins in GPCR signaling?

    <p>Regulate effector enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main target of protein kinase in neuronal signaling?

    <p>Target proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Gα subunit in GPCR signaling?

    <p>Bind to effector enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme converts a membrane phospholipid (PIP2) into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP₃)?

    <p>Phospholipase E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of Adenylyl cyclase activity?

    <p>Cyclic AMP (cAMP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates protein kinase C and is produced from the conversion of PIP2 by an effector enzyme?

    <p>Diacylglycerol (DAG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of protein kinase G in cell signaling?

    <p>Phosphorylates tyrosine residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is synthesised from vitamin and binds to receptors in the nucleus to modulate gene expression?

    <p>Retinoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of GTP in G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling?

    <p>To activate G-protein complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cyclic GMP (cGMP) as a secondary messenger?

    <p>To regulate gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is a gaseous secondary messenger that diffuses to neighbouring cells to activate guanylyl cyclase?

    <p>Nitric oxide (NO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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