Synapsids and Sauropsids Overview

<p>Amniotes use rib-ventilated aspiration instead of gills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Well-ossified skeleton with a sternum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synapsida (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To expand the thoracic cavity and pull air into the lungs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The loss of ribs on lumbar vertebrae. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipedal locomotion with use of gastralia bones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cup-like chambers called faveoli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior and posterior air sacs for air storage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the primary point of articulation in basal amniotes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endotherms have a metabolic rate that is 10 times higher than ectotherms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nocturnal activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reabsorption of fluid in the cloaca, combined by secreting uric acid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To secrete excess ions as salt while conserving water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red, green, blue, and UV light. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cone cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By reabsorbing large amounts of filtrate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amniotes use rib-ventilated aspiration, while non-amniotes employ methods such as buccal pumping or gills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They limit water loss in terrestrial environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate gas exchange between the embryo and the external environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amniotes do not have a larval stage, typically utilizing internal fertilization, while non-amniotes often possess a larval stage and may have external fertilization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A well ossified skeleton with ribs in addition to a sternum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Side-to-side bending of the body, similar to modern salamanders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The evolution of a diaphragm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diaphragm develops at the thoraco-lumbar boundary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Birds have a unidirectional airflow system using parabronchi and air sacs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They store air during the respiratory cycle, but do not participate in gas exchange directly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It connects to the fibula bone, allowing inward and outward movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modifications that allow foot to turn inward and outward. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is about 10 times higher. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early synapsids with higher activity levels developed a higher metabolic rate at rest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea requires considerably more water for excretion than uric acid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By excreting mostly uric acid and reabsorbing water in the cloaca. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To secrete excess ions from the blood, conserving water in the process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They usually perceive red, green and blue, and UV light. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are sensitive to low-light levels, but do not provide visual acuity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reptile glomeruli are typically small, and some reptiles have no glomeruli at all, relying on tubules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A specialized egg that develops an amnion, allantois, chorion, and yolk sac, providing protection, gas exchange, and nourishment.

The inner membrane surrounding the embryo within the amniotic egg, providing a fluid-filled environment.

A structure that helps with gas exchange and waste disposal in the amniotic egg.

An outer membrane in the amniotic egg that contributes to gas exchange and, in mammals, becomes part of the placenta.

A sac within the amniotic egg that provides nutrients to the developing embryo.

A clade of amphibians that includes the ancestors of amniotes.

A skull with solid dermal plates and no temporal fenestrae. This is found in turtles and early reptiles.

A skull with two temporal fenestrae. This is found in dinosaurs and all extant reptiles except turtles.

A skull with one temporal fenestra located below the postorbital-squamosal suture. This is found in mammals and their ancestors.

A skull with one temporal fenestra located high on the skull. This is found in several extinct marine groups.

A sheet of muscle that separates the abdomen and helps with breathing. It flattens when it contracts, pulling air into the lungs.

This is a change in the vertebral column, specifically the division into thoracic and lumbar sections, connected to the development of the diaphragm in synapsids.

A type of lung common in mammals, characterized by a tree-like branching pattern with alveoli where gas exchange occurs.

Type of lung common in sauropsids (reptiles and birds), featuring cup-like chambers that line the airways (parabronchi).

A structure found in birds, these air sacs do not participate in gas exchange but store air, aiding in respiration.

The ankle joint in amniotes is characterized by a calcaneum and astragalus bone, with the mesotarsal joint being the original point of articulation.

The maintenance of a body temperature higher than the ambient temperature, leading to higher metabolic rates and greater activity levels.

A theory explaining the evolution of endothermy, where early mammals may have been nocturnal and higher temperatures were beneficial for their activity.

The principal nitrogenous waste product excreted by mammals, requiring a lot of water for elimination.

The primary nitrogenous waste product excreted by reptiles, requiring less water for elimination. This is made possible by the presence of small glomeruli in the kidneys.

The amniotic egg is a revolutionary adaptation that allowed vertebrates to reproduce on land. It consists of four extra-embryonic membranes: the amnion, allantois, chorion, and yolk sac, each with a specific function.

Amniotes exhibit internal fertilization and lack a larval stage, unlike their amphibian ancestors. This allows for more direct development and eliminates the need for an aquatic larval stage, freeing them from dependence on water.

Synapsids, the group that includes mammals and their ancestors, are characterized by a single temporal fenestra (opening) in their skull, right below the postorbital-squamosal suture. This unique feature distinguishes them from other amniotes.

The evolution of the diaphragm in synapsids was a crucial adaptation that enabled them to breathe more efficiently. It separates the chest cavity from the abdomen, allowing for negative pressure breathing.

Sauropsids, the group that includes reptiles and birds, have a different type of lung structure known as faveolar lungs. These lungs feature cup-like chambers called faveoli that line the airways, allowing for efficient gas exchange.

The earliest group of amniotes, characterized by a skull with solid dermal plates and no temporal fenestrae.

A large Mesozoic radiation of amniotes, characterized by a skull with two temporal fenestrae. Ancestors of all living reptiles and birds.

The first large radiation of amniotes, characterized by a skull with a single temporal fenestra located below the postorbital-squamosal suture. Includes ancestors of mammals.

An extinct group of amniotes characterized by a single temporal fenestra located high on the skull.

The process of breathing in synapsids is coupled with locomotion, allowing efficient ventilation without interfering with movement.