Synapse
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of a synapse?

  • Initiating muscle contractions
  • Facilitating communication between neurons (correct)
  • Producing neurotransmitters
  • Ensuring blood flow to the brain

    • What occurs when a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor on the post-synaptic cell?

  • It leads to the opening or closing of ion channels (correct)
  • It triggers muscle contraction
  • It activates the process of cellular respiration
  • It results in the direct activation of the presynaptic neuron

    • What is the term for the special type of graded potential caused by ions moving in or out due to neurotransmitter action?

  • Action potential
  • Synaptic potential
  • Post-synaptic potential (correct)
  • Neurotransmitter potential

    • How are neurotransmitters typically removed from the synaptic cleft to stop chemical signals?

    <p>By enzymatic degradation or reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glial cells in neurotransmitter removal?

    <p>Assisting in reuptake of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of post-synaptic potential emphasizes inhibiting neural activity?

    <p>IPSP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) have on a neuron?

    <p>Increases the likelihood of an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs directly after a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor on a post-synaptic cell?

    <p>Opening of ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Summation' and 'synaptic integration' primarily relate to what aspect of neuronal function?

    <p>'Summation' concerns <strong>signal accumulation</strong>; 'synaptic integration' deals with <strong>signal processing</strong>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism leads to the inactivation and breakdown of neurotransmitters within the synaptic cleft?

    <p>Enzymatic degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the neurotransmitter removal mechanism with its description:

    <p>Reuptake = Neurotransmitter is brought back into the pre-synaptic cell or a nearby glial cell by endocytosis Enzymatic degradation = An enzyme within the synaptic cleft inactivates the neurotransmitter, often by breaking it down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>EPSP = Excitatory post-synaptic potential that enhances neuronal activity IPSP = Inhibitory post-synaptic potential that inhibits neural activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ion movement effect with the type of graded potential it causes:

    <p>Ions move in or out = Causes a post-synaptic potential Ions only move out = Causes an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the neurotransmitter action outcome with its result:

    <p>Neurotransmitter binds to its receptor on the post-synaptic cell = Leads directly or indirectly to the opening or closing of ion channels Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft = Stops the chemical signals between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the synapse component with its function:

    <p>Axon terminal of presynaptic neuron = Location where neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft Synaptic cleft = Space where neurotransmitter diffuses to reach post-synaptic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane in a chemical synapse?

    <p>Influx of calcium into the presynaptic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synapse involves neurotransmitters binding to receptors on the postsynaptic cell?

    <p>Chemical synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a chemical synapse, what occurs when an action potential reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell?

    <p>Voltage-gated calcium channels open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of voltage-gated calcium channels in a chemical synapse?

    <p>Promote the release of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synapses occur in the heart and certain areas of the brain but are not the focus in the provided text?

    <p>Electrical synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ion movement with its effect in a chemical synapse:

    <p>Calcium influx = Triggers the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane Potassium efflux = Contributes to repolarization of the presynaptic cell after an action potential Sodium influx = Contributes to depolarization of the presynaptic cell during an action potential Chloride influx = Can hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell, making it less likely to fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the neurotransmitter removal mechanism with its description:

    <p>Reuptake by presynaptic cell = Neurotransmitters are taken back up into the presynaptic cell for recycling Enzymatic degradation = Neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft Diffusion away from synapse = Neurotransmitters drift away from the synapse and are dispersed in extracellular fluid Uptake by surrounding glial cells = Neurotransmitters are absorbed by glial cells to terminate their signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the neurotransmitter action outcome with its result:

    <p>Excitatory effect = Leads to depolarization of the postsynaptic cell, increasing likelihood of firing Inhibitory effect = Leads to hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell, decreasing likelihood of firing Modulatory effect = Alters the sensitivity or response of the postsynaptic cell to other neurotransmitters Neuromodulatory effect = Induces changes in gene expression or long-term cellular changes in the postsynaptic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its description:

    <p>Synaptic cleft = The small gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells where neurotransmitters diffuse Voltage-gated calcium channels = Channels that open in response to an action potential, allowing calcium entry Axon terminal = The end of the presynaptic neuron where neurotransmitter release occurs Postsynaptic membrane = The membrane of the cell receiving neurotransmitter signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of graded potential with its cause:

    <p>Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) = Caused by depolarizing currents entering the postsynaptic cell Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) = Caused by hyperpolarizing currents entering the postsynaptic cell Temporal summation = Integration of EPSPs or IPSPs that arrive at different times but from a single presynaptic neuron Spatial summation = Integration of EPSPs or IPSPs that arrive at the same time but from different presynaptic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a chemical synapse, the presynaptic cell releases neurotransmitters that inhibit receptors on the postsynaptic cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Voltage-gated calcium channels in a chemical synapse open when an action potential reaches the axon terminal of the postsynaptic cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrical synapses are the main focus in a chemical synapse.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane in a chemical synapse is triggered by the efflux of calcium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft bind to receptors on the presynaptic cell in a chemical synapse.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine to stop the signal?

    <p>Acetylcholinesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor allows sodium influx causing depolarization and excitatory postsynaptic potential?

    <p>Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter related to muscle contractions and Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily related to mood regulation and depression?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In proper brain function, imbalances in neurotransmitters can lead to conditions like:

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of acetylcholine receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor?

    <p>Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is related to the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is important for memory and learning?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the neurotransmitter with its related function:

    <p>Dopamine = Muscle contractions and Parkinson's disease Serotonin = Mood and depression Norepinephrine = Fight or flight response Glutamate = Memory and learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the acetylcholine receptor type with its effect on the postsynaptic cell:

    <p>Nicotinic (receptor-channel type) = Causes depolarization and excitatory postsynaptic potential by allowing sodium influx Muscarinic (G-protein-coupled receptor type) = Can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the subtype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the neurotransmitter action outcome with its result:

    <p>Acetylcholine binding to receptor on presynaptic cell in a chemical synapse = Neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft bind to receptors on the presynaptic cell Neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft bind to receptors on postsynaptic cell in a chemical synapse = Neurotransmitters cause excitatory or inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ion movement effect with the type of graded potential it causes:

    <p>Sodium influx causing depolarization = Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) Chloride influx causing hyperpolarization = Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the neurotransmitter removal mechanism with its description:

    <p>Acetylcholine esterase = Breaks down acetylcholine to stop the signal Endocannabinoids = Lead to inactivation and breakdown of neurotransmitters within the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the synapse component with its function:

    <p>Presynaptic cell = Releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft Postsynaptic membrane = Contains acetylcholine esterase to prevent acetylcholine from staying too long in the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its description:

    <p>Summation and synaptic integration = Relate primarily to integrating signals in a neuron Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) = Results in depolarization of a neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of post-synaptic potential with its effect on neural activity:

    <p>Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) = Promotes neural activity Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) = Inhibits neural activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

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