30 Questions
What are some common stimulants in the U.S.?
Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
How do amphetamines affect appetite?
Reduce it
In what disorder are amphetamines prescribed to people?
Narcolepsy
Describe the feeling after a period of elevation from amphetamine use.
Depressed or tired (crashing)
Which group of people commonly use amphetamines to stay awake?
Long-haul truck drivers, pilots, and college students
What are some DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for intoxication in amphetamine use disorders?
Significant behavioral symptoms like euphoria, physiological symptoms like heart rate changes
What are two symptoms that can indicate a physiological dependence on a drug?
Tolerance and withdrawal
What are some common physical symptoms of withdrawal from substances?
Chills, fever, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, aches and pains
What type of behaviors are included under 'drug-seeking behaviors' in substance use disorders?
Repeated use of a drug
What is the term used in DSM-5 to encompass drug abuse and drug dependence?
Substance-related disorders
In early editions of the DSM, how were alcoholism and drug abuse initially categorized?
Sociopathic personality disturbances
What significant addition was made in DSM-5 regarding symptoms of substance use disorders?
Added a symptom indicating craving or strong desire to use the substance
What influence do genetic factors have on drug abuse?
Genetic factors may affect how people experience and metabolize certain drugs, determining who may become regular users.
Which brain system mediates the experience of reward?
The dopaminergic system, along with its opioid-releasing neurons known as MOP-r receptors.
What role do GABA neurons play in preventing constant euphoria?
GABA neurons act as the 'brain police' to prevent individuals from being in a perpetual state of high.
Why might the sons of alcoholics be considered ideal candidates for continued drinking?
Due to their ability to appreciate the initial highs of drinking and be less sensitive to the lows that come later.
Explain the concept of negative reinforcement in relation to drug use.
Negative reinforcement is when people initiate and continue drug use to escape from unpleasantness in their lives.
How do opioids affect the brain's production of its own opioids?
Opioids stimulate the production of the brain's own opioids by having an agonist effect at MOP-r receptors.
What psychological dimension leads individuals to continue taking drugs to recapture the pleasure they experienced?
Positive reinforcement.
Which substances stimulate the brain's reward center directly or indirectly?
Substances like amphetamine, cocaine, opiates, nicotine, and alcohol can stimulate the brain's reward center.
How do the social contexts for drug taking influence drug use?
They may encourage drug use.
How may the sons of alcoholics differ in sensitivity to alcohol compared to those without a family history of alcoholism?
The sons of alcoholics may be more sensitive to alcohol at first ingestion, but then become less sensitive to its effects over time.
Why might adolescents use substances to reduce stress?
To cope with unpleasant feelings.
According to the opponent-process theory, what follows an increase in positive feelings?
An increase in negative feelings.
What is one way in which children may be influenced by drug use at home, according to the text?
They may be exposed to peers who use drugs as well, creating a self-perpetuating pattern.
What are the two main views of substance-related disorders discussed in the text?
The moral weakness model and the disease model of dependence.
How do cultural norms affect the rates of substance use, according to the text?
Cultural norms can either increase or decrease the rates of substance use.
What is a necessary but not sufficient condition for abuse or dependence, according to the integrative model?
Access to a drug.
What is one way in which genetic influences can contribute to substance abuse, according to the text?
Some individuals may inherit a greater sensitivity to the effects of certain drugs.
What is the view of drug use disorders held by organizations like AA, according to the text?
Drug use disorders are seen as an incurable disease over which the addict has no control.
Test your knowledge on the symptoms of substance use disorders, including physiological dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, and drug-seeking behaviors. Learn about common physical responses like chills, fever, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, aches, and pains.
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