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Questions and Answers
Which cervical spinal nerves are associated with the grey communicating ramus?
Which cervical spinal nerves are associated with the grey communicating ramus?
- C1-C2
- C5-C6 (correct)
- C3-C4
- C7-C8
What types of tissues are affected by the sympathetic pathways originating from the cervical ganglia?
What types of tissues are affected by the sympathetic pathways originating from the cervical ganglia?
- Muscle and nerve tissues
- Epithelial and connective tissues
- Somatic tissues such as skin and vascular smooth muscle (correct)
- Bone and lymphatic tissues
What does the white communicating ramus connect to in the sympathetic chain?
What does the white communicating ramus connect to in the sympathetic chain?
- Sympathetic ganglia (correct)
- Grey matter
- Brainstem
- Spinal cord efferent pathways
Which segment of spinal nerves is primarily responsible for supplying thoracic viscera via sympathetic pathways?
Which segment of spinal nerves is primarily responsible for supplying thoracic viscera via sympathetic pathways?
Which ramus specifically carries sympathetic fibers from the cervical ganglia to the somatic tissues?
Which ramus specifically carries sympathetic fibers from the cervical ganglia to the somatic tissues?
What type of muscles receive postganglionic fibers from the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves?
What type of muscles receive postganglionic fibers from the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves?
Which cervical ganglia innervate vascular smooth muscle and sweat glands of the skin?
Which cervical ganglia innervate vascular smooth muscle and sweat glands of the skin?
What is the role of the grey communicating ramus?
What is the role of the grey communicating ramus?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in sympathetic pathways to smooth muscle?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in sympathetic pathways to smooth muscle?
What structures does the sympathetic communication to the head and neck primarily target?
What structures does the sympathetic communication to the head and neck primarily target?
What is a key physiological action of the sympathetic system in the head and neck region?
What is a key physiological action of the sympathetic system in the head and neck region?
What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the pupils?
What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the pupils?
What symptoms are associated with Horner’s syndrome?
What symptoms are associated with Horner’s syndrome?
Which of the following describes the primary actions of the sympathetic system?
Which of the following describes the primary actions of the sympathetic system?
Which anatomical structures are commonly associated with Horner’s syndrome?
Which anatomical structures are commonly associated with Horner’s syndrome?
What is the main role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the head and neck?
What is the main role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the head and neck?
What type of responses does the sympathetic nervous system NOT promote?
What type of responses does the sympathetic nervous system NOT promote?
What does miosis refer to in the context of the parasympathetic system?
What does miosis refer to in the context of the parasympathetic system?
Which nerve contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that travel to the submandibular ganglion?
Which nerve contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that travel to the submandibular ganglion?
What is the primary function of the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the submandibular ganglion?
What is the primary function of the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the submandibular ganglion?
To which ganglion do the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the greater petrosal nerve travel?
To which ganglion do the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the greater petrosal nerve travel?
Which salivary gland is innervated by postganglionic fibers from the otic ganglion?
Which salivary gland is innervated by postganglionic fibers from the otic ganglion?
What type of fibers travel from the superior cervical ganglion to the salivary glands?
What type of fibers travel from the superior cervical ganglion to the salivary glands?
Which of the following ganglia is associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Which of the following ganglia is associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Which branch of the facial nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland?
Which branch of the facial nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland?
From where do postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervate the vascular plexuses in the nasal cavity?
From where do postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervate the vascular plexuses in the nasal cavity?
Which ganglion is primarily responsible for postganglionic sympathetic innervation to the head and neck?
Which ganglion is primarily responsible for postganglionic sympathetic innervation to the head and neck?
What do the internal and external carotid nerves hitch-hike along?
What do the internal and external carotid nerves hitch-hike along?
Which nerve contributes fibers to the cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses?
Which nerve contributes fibers to the cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses?
What is the primary role of the arrector pili muscles mentioned in the content?
What is the primary role of the arrector pili muscles mentioned in the content?
What kind of muscles do the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves primarily innervate?
What kind of muscles do the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves primarily innervate?
What structure might be referred to when mentioning the inferior cervical ganglion?
What structure might be referred to when mentioning the inferior cervical ganglion?
Which of the following anatomical structures is directly involved in the sympathetics pathways to the head and neck?
Which of the following anatomical structures is directly involved in the sympathetics pathways to the head and neck?
Which sympathetic fibers follow blood vessels and enter branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Which sympathetic fibers follow blood vessels and enter branches of the trigeminal nerve?
What is the functional significance of the sympathomimetic activity at the postganglionic levels?
What is the functional significance of the sympathomimetic activity at the postganglionic levels?
Which of the following structures holds postganglionic sympathetic axons traveling to C1-C8?
Which of the following structures holds postganglionic sympathetic axons traveling to C1-C8?
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Study Notes
Sympathetic Pathways to Head and Neck
- Sympathetic innervation to the head and neck originates in the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia
- Superior cervical ganglion is the main source of postganglionic sympathetic fibers to head and neck structures, including the superior cardiac nerve
- Middle cervical ganglion is the origin of the middle cardiac nerve
- Inferior cervical ganglion may be fused with the first thoracic ganglion, forming the stellate ganglion, and is the origin of the inferior cardiac nerve
- Postganglionic sympathetic fibers travel as internal and external carotid nerves alongside the carotid arteries, forming internal and external carotid plexuses
- Sympathetic innervation via these plexuses reaches:
- Smooth muscle in the eye (dilator muscle of iris, smooth muscle of upper eyelid)
- Arrector pili muscles of face and scalp
- Vascular smooth muscle
- Sweat glands of the face and scalp
Parasympathetic Innervation to Head and Neck
- Submandibular Ganglion: associated with the Facial Nerve (CN VII)
- Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel via the chorda tympani nerve (branch of Facial Nerve), then in the lingual nerve to synapse in the submandibular ganglion
- Postganglionic fibers innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
- Pterygopalatine Ganglion: associated with the Facial Nerve (CN VII)
- Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel via the greater petrosal nerve, then in the nerve of the pterygoid canal to synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion
- Postganglionic fibers innervate the lacrimal gland and glands in the nasal cavity, pharynx, and palate
- Otic Ganglion: associated with the Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
- Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel via the lesser petrosal nerve to synapse in the otic ganglion
- Postganglionic fibers travel via the auriculotemporal nerve to innervate the parotid gland
Actions of Sympathetic System in the Head and Neck
- Fight or flight response
- Catabolic (energy-expending)
- Stimulates sweat secretion and goosebumps
- Dilates pupil (mydriasis)
- Inhibits lacrimal, nasal, palatine, pharyngeal, and salivary gland secretions
Actions of Parasympathetic System in the Head and Neck
- Feed & breed, rest & digest response
- Anabolic (energy-conserving)
- Constricts pupil (miosis)
- Stimulates lacrimal, nasal, palatine, pharyngeal, and salivary gland secretions
Horner’s Syndrome
-
Sympathetic denervation of the face
-
Causes:
- Ptosis (slight drooping of the eyelid)
- Anhidrosis (absence of sweating) and flushing of affected side of face
- Miosis (pupil constriction)
-
Associated with lesions of:
- Spinal cord at T1-T4
- Sympathetic chain
- Cervical ganglia (often due to lung tumor)
- Aneurysm of internal carotid artery
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