Abnormal Psychology - BARLOW
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of panic disorder?

  • Feeling anxious only in specific situations
  • Having a phobia of spiders
  • Thinking they're dying or otherwise losing control (correct)
  • Experiencing expected panic attacks

    • What is agoraphobia typically a complication of?

  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • Fear of public speaking
  • Severe, unexpected panic attacks (correct)
  • Generalized anxiety disorder

    • What is required to meet the criteria for panic disorder?

  • Experiencing a single panic attack
  • Avoiding certain situations due to fear of enclosed spaces
  • Experiencing an unexpected panic attack and developing substantial anxiety over the possibility of having another attack (correct)
  • Having a fear of spiders

    • What was coined by Karl Westphal in 1871?

    <p>Agoraphobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reduces anxiety for individuals with agoraphobia?

    <p>Thinking a location or person is 'safe'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of agoraphobia?

    <p>Fear of spiders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>To mobilize the body during times of stress or danger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the heart rate when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?

    <p>It beats faster to increase blood flow to the muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland produces hormones that regulate salt levels in the body?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>To balance the sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?

    <p>To coordinate the activities of other endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a phenomenon where behavior changes as a result of a person's expectation of change?

    <p>Placebo effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using comparative treatment research in an experiment?

    <p>To compare different treatments for a particular disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the genetic mechanisms that contribute to the underlying problems of a psychological disorder?

    <p>Endophenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using repeated measurement in single-case experimental design?

    <p>To measure a behavior several times instead of only once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of researchers studying the genetic mechanisms of schizophrenia?

    <p>To identify the genes responsible for working memory problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind genetic linkage analysis?

    <p>Discovering a match between the inheritance of a disorder and a genetic marker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common technique used in treating PTSD?

    <p>Cognitive therapy to correct negative assumptions about the trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication has been shown to be helpful in treating PTSD?

    <p>SSRIs (e.g., Prozac and Paxil)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of adjustment disorders?

    <p>Anxious or depressive reactions to life stress that are generally milder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between acute stress disorder and adjustment disorders?

    <p>The type of stressor that triggers symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range for the emergence of attachment disorders?

    <p>Before five years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of reactive attachment disorder?

    <p>The child rarely seeks out caregivers for protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response rate of fluoxetine (Prozac) compared to placebo after 3 months?

    <p>53% vs. 18%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is effective in treating BDD?

    <p>Exposure and response prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals with hoarding disorder?

    <p>They experience great pleasure from shopping or collecting items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do individuals with hoarding disorder typically seek treatment?

    <p>Approximately 50 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common emotional abnormality associated with hoarding?

    <p>Exaggerated desire for control over possessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of animal hoarders?

    <p>They are unable to care for the animals or provide suitable living quarters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The multiaxial system was maintained in the DSM-5 with some modifications.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kiesler's 'patient uniformity myth' refers to the tendency to see all participants as one homogeneous group.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epidemiologists study the incidence and prevalence of psychological disorders among different groups of people and can determine causality.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'intellectual disability' is less accurate than 'mental retardation' and is no longer used.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comorbidity refers to the diagnosis of a single psychological disorder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DSM-5 has reduced the use of dimensional axes for rating the severity of psychological disorders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The idiographic strategy is used to determine a general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classification in a scientific context is always referred to as nosology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emil Kraepelin is known for his work in classifying psychological disorders from a psychological perspective.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term nomenclature refers to the classification of psychological disorders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classical categorical approach to classification originated in the work of Sigmund Freud.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dementia praecox refers to a deterioration of the brain that occurs with advancing age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the DSM-5, a psychological dysfunction is a typical or culturally expected response to a situation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Impairment in functioning is a necessary criterion for a behavior to be classified as abnormal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychopathology is the study of normal psychological processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A behavior is considered abnormal if it occurs frequently and is culturally expected.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DSM-5 defines abnormal behavior as a response that is typical or culturally expected.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Distress is a necessary criterion for a behavior to be classified as abnormal, but impairment is not.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of psychological disorders is a branch of psychology that focuses on normal psychological processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A psychological dysfunction is always associated with present distress and impairment in functioning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of the incidence, distribution, and consequences of a particular problem or set of problems in one or more populations?

    <p>Epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used in DSM-5 to replace 'mental retardation'?

    <p>Intellectual disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is comorbidity in the context of psychological disorders?

    <p>The diagnosis of multiple psychological disorders at the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main difference between the DSM-IV and DSM-5?

    <p>The removal of the multiaxial system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of epidemiological research?

    <p>To study the incidence and prevalence of disorders among different groups of people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of knowing the prevalence and course of psychological disorders?

    <p>It points researchers in the right direction for further study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of strategy is used to determine what is unique about an individual's personality, cultural background, or circumstances?

    <p>Idiographic strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the classification of entities for scientific purposes?

    <p>Taxonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for classifying psychological disorders from a biological point of view?

    <p>Emil Kraepelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the names or labels of the disorders that make up the nosology?

    <p>Nomenclature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach to classification originates in the work of Emil Kraepelin and the biological tradition in the study of psychopathology?

    <p>Classical categorical approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the classification of psychological or medical phenomena or other clinical areas?

    <p>Nosology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the deterioration of the brain that sometimes occurs with advancing age and develops earlier than it is supposed to?

    <p>Dementia praecox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the effort to construct groups or categories and to assign objects or people to these categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations?

    <p>Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of psychological dysfunction that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning?

    <p>Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the scientific study of psychological disorders?

    <p>Psychopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of abnormal behavior according to the DSM-5?

    <p>Behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the necessary criterion for a behavior to be classified as abnormal?

    <p>Both distress and impairment in functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a response that is not typical or culturally expected?

    <p>Atypical response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the concept of impairment in the definition of abnormal behavior?

    <p>It is useful in distinguishing between abnormal and normal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a behavior that is considered abnormal?

    <p>It deviates from the average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between a behavior and its cultural context in determining abnormality?

    <p>A behavior is abnormal if it is unexpected in its cultural context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Primarily responsible for mobilizing the body during times of stress or danger
    • Activates organs and glands under its control, leading to:
      • Faster heartbeats, increasing blood flow to muscles
      • Increased respiration, providing more oxygen to blood and brain
      • Stimulation of adrenal glands

    Parasympathetic Nervous System

    • Balances the sympathetic nervous system
    • Takes over after sympathetic nervous system activation, normalizing arousal and facilitating energy storage through digestion

    Endocrine System

    • Produces and releases hormones directly into bloodstream
    • Glands and their associated hormones:
      • Adrenal glands: epinephrine (adrenaline), salt-regulating hormones
      • Thyroid gland: thyroxine (energy metabolism and growth)
      • Pituitary gland: regulatory hormones, master gland coordinating endocrine system
      • Gonadal glands: sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)

    Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

    • Hypothalamus connects to pituitary gland, which stimulates adrenal glands
    • Surges of epinephrine energize and arouse, preparing body for threat or challenge

    Research Methods

    • Placebo effect: behavior changes due to expectation rather than manipulation
    • Comparative treatment research: comparing different treatments for a disorder
    • Single-case experimental design: repeated measurement, assessing behavior multiple times

    Endophenotypes

    • Genetic mechanisms contributing to underlying problems causing symptoms of psychological disorders
    • Searching for genes responsible for specific difficulties, such as working memory problems in schizophrenia

    Genetic Linkage Analysis

    • Studying inheritance of a disorder alongside genetic markers with known locations
    • Identifying matches between disorder and marker inheritance to locate responsible genes

    Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

    • Panic disorder: severe, unexpected panic attacks, possibly accompanied by agoraphobia
    • Agoraphobia: fear and avoidance of situations where escape or help is not possible
    • Criteria for panic disorder: unexpected panic attack, anxiety over another attack, or avoidance behavior

    Adjustment Disorders

    • Anxious or depressive reactions to life stress, generally milder than acute stress disorder or PTSD
    • Impairing daily life, requiring intervention; if symptoms persist beyond six months, considered chronic

    Attachment Disorders

    • Disturbed, developmentally inappropriate behaviors in children under five years old
    • Failure to form normal attachment relationships with caregiving adults due to inadequate or abusive child-rearing practices

    Changes in DSM-5

    • The multiaxial system has been removed, combining axes I, II, and III into disorder descriptions.
    • Clinicians can now make separate notations for psychosocial or contextual factors and extent of disability.
    • Dimensional axes for rating severity, intensity, frequency, or duration of disorders have been expanded.

    Terminology and Concepts

    • "Mental retardation" has been replaced with "intellectual disability" for consistency with other organizations.
    • Comorbidity refers to the diagnosis of multiple psychological disorders at the same time.
    • The patient uniformity myth refers to the tendency to see all participants as one homogeneous group.

    Research Methods

    • Epidemiology is the study of the incidence, distribution, and consequences of a particular problem or set of problems in one or more populations.
    • Epidemiologists study the incidence and prevalence of disorders among different groups of people.
    • Epidemiological research can't determine causality, but provides valuable information on prevalence and course of disorders.

    Classification Strategies

    • Idiographic strategy: focuses on individual uniqueness, such as personality, cultural background, or circumstances.
    • Nomothetic strategy: determines a general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs, allowing for classification and grouping.

    Classification and Nosology

    • Classification refers to the effort to construct groups or categories and assign objects or people to these categories based on shared attributes or relations.
    • Taxonomy is the classification of entities for scientific purposes, such as insects, rocks, or behaviors.
    • Nosology is the classification of psychological or medical phenomena, including diagnostic systems used in healthcare settings.
    • Nomenclature describes the names or labels of the disorders that make up the nosology.

    Historical Context

    • Emil Kraepelin was one of the first psychiatrists to classify psychological disorders from a biological perspective.
    • Kraepelin first identified what we now know as schizophrenia, originally termed "dementia praecox".
    • Dementia praecox refers to the deterioration of the brain that sometimes occurs with advancing age, developing earlier than expected.

    Abnormal Psychology

    • Abnormal behavior refers to a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
    • Psychological dysfunction refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
    • Impairment is a useful concept, but not entirely satisfactory, as it depends on the impact on daily functioning.
    • Atypical or not culturally expected behavior is considered abnormal, with the degree of deviation determining the level of abnormality.

    DSM-5 Changes

    • The multiaxial system has been removed, and clinicians can now make a separate notation for psychosocial or contextual factors and extent of disability associated with the diagnosis.
    • The use of dimensional axes for rating severity, intensity, frequency, or duration of specific disorders has been expanded in DSM-5.
    • The term "mental retardation" has been replaced with "intellectual disability", which is consistent with recent changes by other organizations.

    Research Methods

    • Comorbidity refers to the diagnosis of multiple psychological disorders at the same time.
    • Kiesler's "patient uniformity myth" refers to the tendency to see all participants as one homogeneous group.
    • Epidemiology is a type of correlational research that studies the incidence, distribution, and consequences of a particular problem or set of problems in one or more populations.
    • Epidemiologists study the incidence and prevalence of disorders among different groups of people.
    • Epidemiological research cannot conclude what causes a particular phenomenon but provides valuable information about prevalence and course of psychological disorders.

    Abnormal Psychology

    • Abnormal behavior refers to a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
    • Psychological dysfunction refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
    • Distress or impairment in functioning is a necessary component of abnormal behavior.
    • Atypical or not culturally expected behavior is considered abnormal, with the degree of abnormality increasing with the degree of deviation from the average.
    • The most widely accepted definition of abnormal behavior used in DSM-5 describes behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.

    Psychopathology

    • Psychopathology is the scientific study of psychological disorders.
    • Idiographic strategy refers to the study of an individual's unique personality, cultural background, or circumstances.
    • Nomothetic strategy refers to the study of general classes of problems or disorders to which the presenting problem belongs.
    • Classification refers to the effort to construct groups or categories and assign objects or people to these categories based on their shared attributes or relations.
    • Taxonomy is the classification of entities for scientific purposes, such as behaviors.
    • Nosology refers to the classification of psychological or medical phenomena or other clinical areas.
    • Nomenclature refers to the names or labels of the disorders that make up the nosology.

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