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Questions and Answers
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the sympathomimetic nervous system?
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the sympathomimetic nervous system?
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine (correct)
- Serotonin
Which adrenergic receptor is primarily responsible for causing vasoconstriction?
Which adrenergic receptor is primarily responsible for causing vasoconstriction?
- Dopaminergic
- Beta-2
- Alpha (correct)
- Beta-1
Which of the following is a characteristic of an active sympathomimetic nervous system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an active sympathomimetic nervous system?
- Increased digestive activity
- Increased heart rate (correct)
- Pupil constriction
- Decreased blood glucose levels
What effect does the active parasympathomimetic nervous system have on heart rate?
What effect does the active parasympathomimetic nervous system have on heart rate?
What neurotransmitter binds to muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system?
What neurotransmitter binds to muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which physiological response is NOT associated with an inactive sympathomimetic nervous system?
Which physiological response is NOT associated with an inactive sympathomimetic nervous system?
What is a potential effect of anticholinergic medications?
What is a potential effect of anticholinergic medications?
Which receptor type is primarily involved in neuromuscular junction signaling?
Which receptor type is primarily involved in neuromuscular junction signaling?
Which effect is associated with the inactive parasympathetic nervous system?
Which effect is associated with the inactive parasympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for modulating pain and addictive behaviors?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for modulating pain and addictive behaviors?
Flashcards
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' responses.
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
The neurotransmitter released by the SNS that increases alertness, arousal, and blood pressure.
Alpha adrenergic receptor
Alpha adrenergic receptor
A type of receptor on cells that binds to epinephrine and norepinephrine, causing vasoconstriction.
Beta adrenergic receptor
Beta adrenergic receptor
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Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
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Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
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Muscarinic receptor
Muscarinic receptor
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Nicotinic receptor
Nicotinic receptor
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Anticholinergic
Anticholinergic
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Opioid receptors
Opioid receptors
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Study Notes
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
- Function: Prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses
- Neurotransmitters:
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): Increases alertness, arousal, and blood pressure
- Receptors:
- Alpha: Primarily cause vasoconstriction
- Beta: Increase heart rate and force of contraction (β1), cause bronchodilation (β2)
- Active SNS:
- Increased heart rate and force of contraction
- Bronchodilation
- Pupil dilation
- Increased blood flow to skeletal muscles
- Decreased blood flow to digestive system
- Increased blood glucose levels
- Increased sweating
- Inactive SNS:
- Normal resting heart rate
- Normal bronchial tone
- Normal pupil size
- Balanced blood flow distribution
- Normal digestive function
- Stable blood glucose levels
- Normal sweating
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
- Function: Responsible for "rest and digest" functions
- Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine
- Receptors:
- Muscarinic: Mediate parasympathetic effects (e.g., decreased heart rate, increased secretions)
- Nicotinic: Involved in neuromuscular junction signaling and some CNS functions
- Active PNS:
- Decreased heart rate
- Bronchoconstriction
- Pupil constriction (miosis)
- Increased digestive system activity
- Increased salivation and urination
- Decreased blood pressure
- Inactive PNS:
- Normal resting heart rate
- Normal bronchial tone
- Normal pupil size
- Balanced digestive function
- Normal salivation and urination
- Normal blood pressure
Other Receptors
- Opioid Receptors:
- Location: Primarily in the brain and spinal cord
- Function: Modulate pain, reward, and addictive behaviors; indirectly influence autonomic functions
- GABA Receptors:
- Location: Ubiquitous in the brain and spinal cord
- Function: Inhibit neuronal activity; lead to calming effects, muscle relaxation, and reduced neuronal excitability
Anticholinergic Substances
- Definition: Block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, reducing parasympathetic nerve impulses
- Effects: Drying of bodily fluids, smooth muscle relaxation, pupil dilation
- Uses: Treatment of overactive bladder and Parkinson's disease
- Sympathetic Response: Does not activate the sympathetic response; reduces parasympathetic activation
Sympathomimetic Substances
- Definition: Mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system ("fight or flight")
- Effects: Increased heart rate, dilated airways, elevated blood pressure
- Uses: Treatment of asthma, shock, and certain heart conditions
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