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What are the main clinical effects associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the eye's effector organs?
What are the main clinical effects associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the eye's effector organs?
- Sympathetic: Relaxation of ciliary muscle, Contraction of iris radial muscle (mydriasis), Decreased aqueous humor production. Parasympathetic: Contraction of ciliary muscle, Contraction of the iris sphincter muscle (miosis). (correct)
- Sympathetic: Relaxation of ciliary muscle, Contraction of the iris sphincter muscle (miosis), Decreased aqueous humor production. Parasympathetic: Relaxation of ciliary muscle, Contraction of iris radial muscle (mydriasis).
- Sympathetic: Contraction of ciliary muscle, Contraction of the iris sphincter muscle (miosis), Decreased aqueous humor production. Parasympathetic: Relaxation of ciliary muscle, Contraction of iris radial muscle (mydriasis).
- Sympathetic: Contraction of ciliary muscle, Contraction of the iris sphincter muscle (miosis), Decreased aqueous humor production. Parasympathetic: Contraction of ciliary muscle, Contraction of iris radial muscle (mydriasis).
What are the main clinical effects associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the heart?
What are the main clinical effects associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the heart?
- Sympathetic: Decreased HR (bradycardia, negative chronotropy), Decreased contractility (negative inotropy), Decreased AV node. Parasympathetic: Decreased HR (bradycardia, negative chronotropy), Decreased contractility (negative inotropy), Decreased AV node.
- Sympathetic: Decreased HR (bradycardia, negative chronotropy), Decreased contractility (negative inotropy), Decreased AV node. Parasympathetic: Increased HR (tachycardia, positive chronotropy), Increased contractility (positive inotropy), Increase automaticity and conduction of AV node (positive dromotropy).
- Sympathetic: Increased HR (tachycardia, positive chronotropy), Increased contractility (positive inotropy), Increase automaticity and conduction of AV node (positive dromotropy). Parasympathetic: Increased HR (tachycardia, positive chronotropy), Increased contractility (positive inotropy), Increase automaticity and conduction of AV node (positive dromotropy).
- Sympathetic: Increased HR (tachycardia, positive chronotropy), Increased contractility (positive inotropy), Increase automaticity and conduction of AV node (positive dromotropy). Parasympathetic: Decreased HR (bradycardia, negative chronotropy), Decreased contractility (negative inotropy), Decreased AV node. (correct)
Which receptors are primarily involved in the sympathetic effects on the heart?
Which receptors are primarily involved in the sympathetic effects on the heart?
- Beta-1 receptors (correct)
- Alpha-1 receptors
- M1 receptors
- Beta-2 receptors
Which receptor is primarily involved in the parasympathetic effects on the heart?
Which receptor is primarily involved in the parasympathetic effects on the heart?
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Which effect is associated with sympathetic stimulation of Beta-2 receptors?
Which effect is associated with sympathetic stimulation of Beta-2 receptors?
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Study Notes
Clinical Effects on the Eye's Effector Organs
- Sympathetic system: dilates pupils (mydriasis), relaxes ciliary muscle (cycloplegia), and increases aqueous humor outflow
- Parasympathetic system: constricts pupils (miosis), contracts ciliary muscle (accommodation), and decreases aqueous humor outflow
Clinical Effects on the Heart
- Sympathetic system: increases heart rate, contracts heart muscle, and increases blood pressure
- Parasympathetic system: decreases heart rate, relaxes heart muscle, and decreases blood pressure
Receptors Involved in Heart Effects
- Sympathetic effects: primarily involve Beta-1 receptors
- Parasympathetic effects: primarily involve M2 receptors
Sympathetic Stimulation of Beta-2 Receptors
- Associated with relaxation of smooth muscle, including bronchodilation and vasodilation
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