Geography June exam P1 (Easy)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's atmosphere?

  • Moisture
  • Particles from space
  • Insolation (correct)
  • Heat energy

    • Which of the following is considered a store within the atmosphere?

  • Terrestrial radiation
  • Dust particles
  • Gases emitted through photosynthesis
  • Heat energy (correct)

    • What type of gases are considered constant in the atmosphere?

  • Variable gases like nitrogen and oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide and ozone
  • Noble gases like argon and neon
  • Constant gases like nitrogen and oxygen (correct)

    • Which process releases gases and solids from the atmosphere?

    <p>Volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays crucial roles in cloud formation and radiation reflection in the atmosphere?

    <p>Non-gases like dust particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is temporarily retained within the atmospheric system?

    <p>Moisture in various forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?

    <p>Stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?

    <p>Protects against harmful radiation from the sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas contributes to the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the atmosphere is composed of oxygen?

    <p>20.95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere experiences a sharp increase in temperature with altitude?

    <p>Thermosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the troposphere in the atmosphere?

    <p>All weather processes occur here</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas, although only present in trace amounts, can lead to global warming when levels increase?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Earth's primary source of heat for heating the atmosphere?

    <p>Insolation (solar energy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process responsible for transferring heat energy through direct contact?

    <p>Conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical state of water in the atmosphere is crucial for cloud formation and precipitation?

    <p>Liquid Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor leads to less warmth at higher latitudes (closer to the poles)?

    <p>Sunlight spreading over a larger area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the transformation of absorbed short-wave solar radiation into long-wave infrared radiation?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increasing greenhouse gases have on coastal regions?

    <p>Rising temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor causing temperature decreases with altitude in the troposphere?

    <p>Distance from Earth's heat source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process can lead to species extinction and increased food security risks?

    <p>Shifts in natural habitats and agricultural zones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for maintaining the planet's temperature?

    <p>Natural greenhouse effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to cloud formation and potential precipitation?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does solid ice play in the atmosphere?

    <p>Forming snowflakes and ice crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tight spacing between isobars on a synoptic weather map indicate?

    <p>Strong winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is composed of solid but plastic-like rock?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rock transformation is described by the rock cycle?

    <p>Transformation of rock types through time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which satellite spectrum shows moisture distribution in the atmosphere?

    <p>Water Vapor Spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the Earth's Outer Core?

    <p>Nickel and Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do circular patterns of isobars on a synoptic weather map represent?

    <p>High or low pressure areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is the Earth's outermost solid layer?

    <p>Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) mark the boundary between?

    <p>Crust and Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spectrum is critical for night-time meteorology?

    <p>Infrared Spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are synoptic weather maps and satellite imagery considered indispensable in modern meteorology?

    <p>To enhance understanding and forecasting of weather systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Earth's water is stored in the oceans?

    <p>97.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to cloud formation by transitioning from vapor to liquid as it cools?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cloud type is thin and wispy, indicating an approaching cold front but doesn't produce precipitation?

    <p>Cirrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of precipitation forms when water vapor coalesces in clouds and falls due to gravity?

    <p>Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of rainfall is driven by the heating of the Earth's surface causing moist air to rise and cool?

    <p>Convectional Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes dew to form directly onto surfaces?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clouds are low, flat, and can lead to drizzle or light rain?

    <p>Stratus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sedimentary rocks primarily form?

    <p>By compacting and solidifying sediment layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of intrusive igneous activity?

    <p>Magma cooling and solidifying below ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock is known for residual landforms called tors?

    <p>Igneous rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that shapes landscapes according to the text?

    <p>Geological structures and rock types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do tectonic plates play in shaping the Earth's surface?

    <p>Moving at varying rates and shaping landforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes sills from dykes in intrusive igneous activity?

    <p>Orientation (vertical or horizontal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process results in existing rocks transforming under extreme conditions?

    <p>Pressure and temperature alteration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Karst landscapes' are primarily associated with which type of rock?

    <p>Sedimentary rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Batholiths' are described as:

    <p>'Large masses of igneous rock deep below Earth's surface'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Pangaea' was a supercontinent that existed approximately how many million years ago?

    <p>200 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological activity occurs at plate margins where tectonic plates move apart?

    <p>Rising magma solidifying to form new crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plate margin involves the subduction of an oceanic plate under a continental plate?

    <p>Destructive margins (convergent)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is responsible for creating mountains, valleys, and other landforms?

    <p>Folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fold occurs under extreme pressure causing rocks to break and slide over themselves?

    <p>Overthrust fold (nappe)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of fold is characterized by downward U-shaped folds?

    <p>Syncline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instrument is used to detect slope changes in volcanoes?

    <p>Tilt meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of earthquake can occur when sticking plates cause pressure build-up?

    <p>Severe earthquake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of a recumbent fold?

    <p>Nearly horizontal limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are synclines and anticlines different?

    <p>Synclines are downward U-shaped folds, anticlines are upward arch-like folds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of faulting?

    <p>Fracturing due to tectonic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fault is caused by rocks being pushed together?

    <p>Reverse fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What landform is associated with a rift valley?

    <p>Graben</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of earthquakes?

    <p>Movement of tectonic plates at fault lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of seismic wave is the fastest?

    <p>Primary waves (P-waves)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What instrument measures and records seismic waves?

    <p>Seismograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of an earthquake?

    <p>The point inside the Earth where the earthquake originates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of seismic waves can move through solids but not liquids?

    <p>Secondary waves (S-waves)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are tsunamis primarily generated?

    <p>Undersea disturbances like earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What logarithmic scale is used to measure earthquake strength?

    <p>Richter scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the immediate impacts of earthquakes mentioned in the text?

    <p>Decreased resource availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developing countries often suffer greater devastation from earthquakes compared to developed countries?

    <p>Lack of access to advanced technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the impact of earthquakes being less severe in developed countries?

    <p>Effective communication systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential health risk mentioned in relation to earthquakes?

    <p>Increased risk of diseases and injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can resource shortages impact the aftermath of an earthquake?

    <p>Lead to shortages of essential resources like drinking water and food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Incoming solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a store within the atmosphere that exists in various forms like water vapor and ice?

    <p>Moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is emitted from the atmosphere through processes like photosynthesis and volcanic eruptions?

    <p>Ozone gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are non-gases that play crucial roles in cloud formation and radiation reflection in the atmosphere?

    <p>Dust particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released back into space or returned to Earth's surface through precipitation processes?

    <p>Moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gases is considered a variable gas within the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atmosphere related to ultraviolet radiation?

    <p>Protection against harmful radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what altitude does the troposphere extend up to?

    <p>12 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere experiences a sharp temperature increase with altitude?

    <p>Thermosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ozone in the atmosphere?

    <p>Protection against UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is predominantly responsible for affecting Earth's temperature and weather patterns?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the atmosphere do meteors burn up and noctilucent clouds form?

    <p>Mesosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of heat for Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Solar energy (insolation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial function does oxygen serve in the atmosphere?

    <p>Essential for respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does temperature change with altitude in the stratosphere?

    <p>It increases with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process by which heat energy is transferred through direct contact?

    <p>Convection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does latitude impact the distribution of sunlight on Earth's surface?

    <p>Sunlight spreads over a larger area at higher latitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ocean currents in affecting land temperatures?

    <p>Cold ocean currents raise land temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of the atmosphere, what does enhanced salination from rising sea levels primarily impact?

    <p>Agriculture and ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric state of water constitutes the invisible moisture in the air?

    <p>Gaseous Water Vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves liquid water cooling to form clouds and potential precipitation?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of clouds are tall, dark, and can lead to thunderstorms?

    <p>Cumulonimbus clouds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms when water vapor freezes into crystals in cold clouds?

    <p>Hail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a measure of the current amount of water vapor relative to the maximum possible at the same temperature?

    <p>Relative humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of precipitation occurs when condensed water droplets coalesce in clouds and fall due to gravity?

    <p>Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives convectional rain by heating the Earth's surface and causing moist air to rise and cool?

    <p>Solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What meteorological system occurs when warm, moist air lifts over cooler air in frontal systems, leading to widespread rain?

    <p>Cyclonic or Frontal Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when moist winds are forced upward by terrain, cooling and condensing to form precipitation on windward slopes?

    <p>'Relief or Orographic Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common immediate impact of earthquakes mentioned in the text?

    <p>Damages to buildings and infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might developing countries suffer greater devastation from earthquakes compared to developed countries?

    <p>Higher population densities in vulnerable areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential health risk associated with earthquakes according to the text?

    <p>Increased risk of diseases from unsanitary conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference in preparedness strategies between developed and developing countries?

    <p>Less stringent building codes in developing countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do earthquakes impact resource availability according to the text?

    <p>Disruption of water, gas, and electricity supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plate margin involves plates moving apart and forming new crust?

    <p>Divergent Margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of folding is characterized by limbs that are nearly horizontal?

    <p>Recumbent Fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which type of plate margin does an oceanic plate go under a continental plate?

    <p>Convergent Margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of geological activity occurs at plate margins where plates slide past each other?

    <p>No crust creation or destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process creates folds in rock layers due to intense pressure at tectonic plate boundaries?

    <p>Tectonic plate collisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of overthrust folds (nappes) compared to other fold types?

    <p>Slide over themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landform is primarily associated with the collision margins of tectonic plates?

    <p>Fold mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the collision of two continental plates at collision margins?

    <p>'Mountain ranges'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sedimentary rocks primarily form?

    <p>From existing rock breaking down into sediments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sills from dykes in intrusive igneous activity?

    <p>Dykes cut across existing rock layers, sills do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the troposphere in the atmosphere?

    <p>Hosting weather processes and phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of igneous rock landforms?

    <p>Exposure of core-stones due to erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor shaping landscapes according to the text?

    <p>Type of rocks present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are laccoliths and lopoliths typically shaped?

    <p>By magma intrusion between rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the formation of metamorphic rock?

    <p>Extreme pressure and temperature without melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes batholiths in terms of size and location?

    <p>Large masses below the surface often exposed through erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes intrusive igneous activity?

    <p>Magma cools and solidifies below ground without reaching the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes existing igneous or sedimentary rocks to transform into metamorphic rock?

    <p>Extreme pressure and temperature conditions without melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the formation of fold mountains like the Alps and Rockies?

    <p>Folding of the Earth's crust at convergent plate boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process causes rocks to fracture due to tectonic forces, potentially leading to earthquakes?

    <p>Faulting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What landforms are created by fault movements pushing rocks together?

    <p>Block Mountains (Horsts)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of seismic waves move the ground up and down and sideways but only through solid materials?

    <p>Secondary Waves (S-waves)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a tsunami primarily generated?

    <p>By large undersea disturbances like earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What logarithmic scale is used to measure the strength of earthquakes?

    <p>Richter scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor for categorizing earthquakes as 'Minor' on the Richter scale?

    <p>$0$ to $4.9$ on the Richter scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when rocks are pulled apart due to tectonic forces, leading to normal faults?

    <p>Increased compression forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential feature associated with faults that are characterized by horizontal movement causing strike-slip faults like the San Andreas Fault?

    <p>Horizontal movement of rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are rift valleys, such as the East African Rift Valley, primarily associated with in terms of geological activity?

    <p>Depressed blocks created by fault movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tight spacing between isobars on synoptic weather maps suggest?

    <p>Strong winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is composed of nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe)?

    <p>Outer Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Mohorovii discontinuity (Moho) mark the boundary between?

    <p>Crust and Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spectrum provides data on cloud formation and air temperature differences during night-time?

    <p>Infrared Spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do satellites play in weather forecasting?

    <p>Analyze cloud structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lithosphere on Earth?

    <p>Form tectonic plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of satellite technology in meteorology?

    <p>Enhance weather forecasting accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the rock cycle describe in geology?

    <p>Transformation of rock types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Insolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is retained temporarily within the atmospheric system?

    <p>Water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the outputs from the atmosphere?

    <p>Heat radiated back into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a store within the atmosphere?

    <p>Terrestrial radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What particles play crucial roles in cloud formation and radiation reflection in the atmosphere?

    <p>Dust, salt, and smoke particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes results in gases and solids being emitted from the atmosphere?

    <p>Volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of all Earth's water is stored in the oceans?

    <p>97.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of power driving the process of evaporation within the water cycle?

    <p>Solar heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clouds are known for being high-altitude, thin, wispy clouds indicating an approaching cold front?

    <p>Cirrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rain occurs when moist winds are forced upward by terrain, cooling and condensing to form precipitation on windward slopes?

    <p>Relief or Orographic Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the measure of the current amount of water vapor relative to the maximum possible at the same temperature?

    <p>Relative Humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does hail typically form within cumulonimbus clouds?

    <p>Within cold clouds where water vapor freezes into crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is humidity a measure of?

    <p>Water vapor in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of convection in transferring heat at the Earth's surface?

    <p>Movement of heated molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does latitude affect the distribution of sunlight on Earth's surface?

    <p>It leads to a spread of energy over a larger area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of enhanced greenhouse gases on coastal regions?

    <p>Rising sea levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ocean proximity affect temperature variations between coastal and inland areas?

    <p>Moderates temperatures in coastal regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the transformation of liquid water into gaseous water vapor?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes snow-capped mountain peaks near the equator despite being at high altitudes?

    <p>Absorption of solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind temperature decreases with altitude in the troposphere?

    <p>Distance from Earth’s heat source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does liquid water contribute to cloud formation in the atmosphere?

    <p>By cooling to form water droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of enhanced greenhouse gases on agriculture and ecosystems?

    <p>Increased food security risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state of water plays a crucial role in weather and climate processes?

    <p>Gaseous water vapor in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by wide spacing between isobars on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>Calm conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is liquid and composed primarily of nickel and iron?

    <p>Outer Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of satellite technology in meteorology?

    <p>Tracking large-scale weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) mark the boundary between?

    <p>Crust and Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of isobars on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>Connect points of equal pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are tectonic plates located in relation to the Earth's crust?

    <p>Below the lithosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are synoptic maps mainly used for in meteorology?

    <p>Analyzing weather trends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atmosphere related to ultraviolet radiation?

    <p>Protecting against harmful radiation and space debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is predominantly responsible for affecting Earth's temperature and weather patterns?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what altitude does the stratosphere begin, and why does the temperature increase with altitude in this layer?

    <p>From 12 to 50 km, due to ozone absorption of UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary sources of Earth's heat?

    <p>Insolation and core heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the thermosphere in the atmosphere?

    <p>Experiencing a sharp increase in temperature with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is vulnerable to pollutants like CFCs and plays a significant role in protecting against UV radiation?

    <p>Ozone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the atmosphere is responsible for all weather processes and where does it extend to?

    <p>Troposphere, up to 12 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes significantly to maintaining Earth's temperature and weather patterns through the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of 'Non-gases' in the atmosphere?

    <p>'Non-gases' include particulates that affect radiation balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Inert gases' in the atmosphere like argon, helium, neon, and krypton are primarily known for being:

    <p>Mainly non-reactive and not actively participating in environmental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common immediate impact of earthquakes on infrastructure?

    <p>Destruction to buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developing countries often face greater devastation from earthquakes compared to developed countries?

    <p>Less stringent building codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant health and safety risk associated with earthquakes?

    <p>Increased risk of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developed countries typically have advanced emergency services for earthquake situations?

    <p>Effective communication systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do resource shortages impact the aftermath of an earthquake?

    <p>Cause disruptions in water and electricity supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of geological activity occurs when rocks fracture due to tectonic forces?

    <p>Faulting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which seismic wave moves the ground up and down and sideways, but only through solids?

    <p>Secondary Waves (S-waves)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fault results from rocks being pushed together due to compression?

    <p>Reverse Fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural event can cause a series of ocean waves known as a tsunami?

    <p>Earthquake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of utilizing rivers flowing through mountains, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Hydroelectric Power Generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landform is created by elevated blocks formed between faults?

    <p>Block Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale is used to measure the strength of earthquakes based on energy release?

    <p>Richter Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of fractures in rocks resulting in faulting?

    <p>'Tectonic Forces'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plate margin involves plates sliding past each other without creating or destroying crust?

    <p>Conservative Margins (Transform)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fold is characterized by rock layers being tilted in one direction?

    <p>Monocline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process shapes the Earth's crust through the movements of tectonic plates?

    <p>Folding and Faulting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcanic margin features two continental plates colliding, causing material to push upward to form mountain ranges?

    <p>Collision Margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of overthrust folds (nappes) compared to other fold types?

    <p>Break and slide over themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tectonic plate margin involves plates moving apart and allowing magma to rise, forming new crust and mid-ocean ridges?

    <p>Constructive Margins (Divergent)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcanic margin involves an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate, creating deep-sea trenches and volcanic island arcs?

    <p>Destructive Margins (Convergent)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes a syncline from an anticline in terms of fold structures?

    <p>Downward curves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism that causes rocks to buckle and fold when tectonic plates push together?

    <p>Intense pressure from plate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are laccoliths and lopoliths different from each other?

    <p>Laccoliths cause uplift between rock layers, whereas lopoliths cause downward sagging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological activity is responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Erosion of surrounding material from igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the crystal size within an igneous rock?

    <p>The rate of cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pipes differ from dykes and sills in intrusive igneous activity?

    <p>Pipes are chimney-like structures, while dykes are formed by magma filling cracks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory of continental drift propose?

    <p>Continents once formed a single supercontinent called Pangaea that never separated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the theory of continental drift?

    <p>Similar glacial traces in different continents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sedimentary rock landforms from igneous rock landforms?

    <p>Sedimentary rock landforms have features like caves and springs, whereas igneous rock landforms have residual core-stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of tectonic plates according to the theory of plate tectonics?

    <p>Convection currents in the mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Insolation (INcoming SOLar RadiATION)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a constant gas in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Argon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of particles play crucial roles in cloud formation and radiation reflection in the atmosphere?

    <p>Dust, salt, and smoke particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process emits gases and solids from the atmosphere?

    <p>Volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to elements temporarily retained within the atmospheric system?

    <p>Non-gases like dust, salt, and smoke particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the heat radiated back into space from the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Terrestrial radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of synoptic weather maps?

    <p>To analyze trends in weather systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Outer Core in the Earth's structure?

    <p>To be a liquid layer composed of nickel and iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Mantle described as 'plastic-like'?

    <p>Due to its ability to flow under pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) mark the boundary between?

    <p>Crust and Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Infrared Spectrum crucial for night-time meteorology?

    <p>To provide data on cloud formation at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the rock cycle in geology?

    <p>To describe the transformation of rock types over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do circular patterns of isobars on a synoptic weather map represent?

    <p>High or low pressure areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Inner Core solid despite extreme heat?

    <p>Due to the immense pressures at Earth's center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by tight spacing between isobars on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>Strong winds due to a steep pressure gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are satellite images crucial for meteorology?

    <p>To provide large-scale monitoring of weather patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Earth's water is stored in the oceans?

    <p>97.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon marks the transformation of water vapor back into liquid or solid forms for precipitation?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clouds can lead to thunderstorms?

    <p>Cumulonimbus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is hail primarily generated?

    <p>By updrafts cycling water droplets until they freeze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental mechanism of rainfall is driven by the heating of the Earth's surface?

    <p>Convectional Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do synoptic weather maps provide a comprehensive visual summary of?

    <p>Weather conditions over a broad area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does relative humidity measure?

    <p>% of water vapor relative to maximum at the same temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the immediate impacts of earthquakes on infrastructure?

    <p>Disruption to water, gas, and electricity supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developing countries often suffer greater devastation from earthquakes?

    <p>Less robust emergency response capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a health and safety risk associated with earthquakes?

    <p>Increased risk of injuries from debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do developed countries differ from developing countries in terms of earthquake preparedness?

    <p>Developed countries have advanced emergency services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common resource shortage that occurs after an earthquake?

    <p>Disruption of gas supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere extends up to 12 km and is where all weather processes occur?

    <p>Troposphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>To absorb harmful UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas in the atmosphere is primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect and can lead to global warming when levels increase?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>To support plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for temperature increases with altitude in the stratosphere?

    <p>Absorption of UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of the thermosphere in terms of temperature?

    <p>Temperature increases sharply with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere contains inert gases that are primarily non-reactive?

    <p>Stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the ozone layer vulnerable to pollutants like CFCs?

    <p>Because it gets depleted faster due to those pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major environmental issue arises from ozone depletion caused by human activities?

    <p>More harmful UV radiation reaching the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological process is responsible for creating fold mountains like the Himalayas?

    <p>Folding due to the collision of tectonic plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fold is characterized by limbs that are nearly horizontal and forms under very high pressure?

    <p>Recumbent Fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of severe earthquakes at conservative plate margins like the San Andreas Fault in California?

    <p>Tectonic plates sliding past each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plate margin involves one plate subducting under another, resulting in deep-sea trenches and volcanic island arcs?

    <p>Destructive Margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process results in the formation of new crust and mid-ocean ridges with accompanying mild volcanic activity?

    <p>Magma rising between diverging plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological activity occurs when two continental plates collide at collision margins?

    <p>Strong earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers violent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions at destructive plate margins?

    <p>Subduction of oceanic plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the sliding of tectonic plates past each other without creating or destroying crust?

    <p>Severe earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of geological activity occurs when Plates move apart, allowing magma to rise between them?

    <p>Mid-ocean ridges and mild volcanic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do conservative margins, where tectonic plates slide past each other without creating or destroying crust, lead to severe earthquakes?

    <p>The sudden slipping of sticking plates causes pressure build-up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is heat energy transferred through direct contact at the Earth's surface?

    <p>Conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor influencing temperature changes with altitude in the troposphere?

    <p>Distance from the Earth's heat source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do warm ocean currents affect temperatures of nearby land areas?

    <p>Raise temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form does water exist in the atmosphere as invisible moisture?

    <p>Gaseous Water Vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the transformation of liquid water into water vapor?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary gas responsible for intensifying the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can rising sea levels have on coastal and low-lying regions due to increased greenhouse gases?

    <p>Enhanced salination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the crystal size within an igneous rock?

    <p>Rate of cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rock primarily forms from weathering and deposition of sediments?

    <p>Sedimentary rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of karst landscapes formed in limestone?

    <p>Caves, springs, aquifers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of tectonic plates according to plate tectonics theory?

    <p>Mantle convection currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evidence supports the theory of continental drift?

    <p>Coal deposits across continents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of tectonic plates in shaping Earth's surface?

    <p>Causing earthquakes and volcanoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lithosphere in relation to tectonic plates?

    <p>Act as a rigid outer shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological event's effects are less severe in developed countries than in developing countries?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to earthquakes?

    <p>Plate tectonics at fault lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fault is characterized by rocks being pulled apart?

    <p>Normal fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which seismic wave type is the slowest but most destructive?

    <p>Surface Waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landforms are block mountains formed between?

    <p>Normal faults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are tsunamis primarily generated?

    <p>Undersea disturbances like earthquakes or underwater landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the logarithmic scale used to measure the strength of earthquakes?

    <p>Richter Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Insolation (INcoming SOLar RadiATION)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a store within the atmosphere system?

    <p>Non-gases like dust, salt, and smoke particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the atmosphere release back into space or return to the Earth's surface through precipitation processes?

    <p>Moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays crucial roles in cloud formation and radiation reflection within the atmosphere?

    <p>Non-gases like dust, salt, and smoke particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element stored in the atmosphere affects weather and climate patterns?

    <p>Water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary outputs from the atmosphere?

    <p>Terrestrial radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process responsible for the transformation of absorbed solar radiation into long-wave infrared radiation?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does temperature generally behave with altitude in the troposphere?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial role does gaseous water vapor play in the atmosphere?

    <p>Creating clouds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What state of water in the atmosphere is found as visible droplets in clouds and fog?

    <p>Liquid Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs when liquid water turns into solid ice?

    <p>Freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ocean currents affect temperatures of nearby land areas?

    <p>Raise temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the natural greenhouse effect?

    <p>Trapping heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential impact does global warming have on agriculture and ecosystems?

    <p>Enhanced salination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?

    <p>Absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas, despite its low percentage in the atmosphere, is crucial for photosynthesis?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the atmosphere does temperature increase with altitude due to absorption of UV radiation?

    <p>Stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere is primarily responsible for all weather processes?

    <p>Troposphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of Earth's heat that influences temperature changes over space and time?

    <p>Insolation (solar radiation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gases play a significant role in Earth's temperature and weather patterns through the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Oxygen and Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do inert gases like argon, helium, neon, and krypton primarily serve in the atmosphere?

    <p>Being primarily non-reactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to temperature decreases with altitude in the troposphere?

    <p>Decreased pressure and density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes depletion of the ozone layer leading to increased UV radiation exposure on Earth?

    <p>Regulating substances like CFCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere is associated with forming noctilucent clouds and burning up meteors?

    <p>Mesosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the immediate impacts of earthquakes on infrastructure?

    <p>Disruption of utility lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developing countries often suffer greater devastation from earthquakes compared to developed countries?

    <p>Developing countries have less stringent building codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common health and safety risk associated with earthquakes?

    <p>Potential injuries from debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developed countries often have more effective communication systems during earthquakes?

    <p>Developed countries have advanced infrastructure and strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do resource shortages impact the aftermath of an earthquake?

    <p>Resource shortages cause shortages of drinking water and food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of isobars on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>Connect points of equal atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is mainly composed of solid but plastic-like rock?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do wide spacing between isobars on a synoptic weather map suggest?

    <p>Calm conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Earth remains solid despite extreme heat due to immense pressures?

    <p>Inner Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of satellite images in meteorology?

    <p>Enhancing weather forecasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do circular patterns of isobars represent on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>High or low pressure areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spectrum is useful for observing cloud structures during the day?

    <p>Visible Spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle known as?

    <p>Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of satellite technology in meteorology?

    <p>Enhancing weather forecasting accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tectonic plates float on above the mantle?

    <p>Upper Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of water storage on Earth?

    <p>Oceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clouds are associated with thunderstorms?

    <p>Cumulonimbus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where vapor turns back into liquid or solid forms in clouds?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rain is caused by moist winds being forced upward by terrain?

    <p>Orographic Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for cloud formation?

    <p>Presence of condensation nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of clouds are fluffy and can evolve into rain-producing systems?

    <p>Cumulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where water molecules transition from liquid to vapor?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What atmospheric phenomenon indicates the presence of an approaching cold front but does not usually bring precipitation?

    <p>Cirrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms when vapor condenses directly onto surfaces?

    <p>Dew</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of precipitation occurs when air cannot hold more moisture and water droplets coalesce in clouds and fall due to gravity?

    <p>Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of seismic wave travels through the Earth's crust the fastest?

    <p>P-waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landform is created by elevated blocks between faults?

    <p>Block Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of earthquakes occurring at fault lines?

    <p>Movement of tectonic plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the formation of fold mountains like the Himalayas?

    <p>Folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of earthquake is capable of causing catastrophic damage and loss of life?

    <p>Great earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature associated with rift valleys created by fault movements?

    <p>Depressed blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are tsunami waves primarily generated?

    <p>Tectonic plate movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which seismic waves are most destructive but the slowest?

    <p>Surface Waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Horsts' are associated with which geological feature?

    <p>'Elevated blocks'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do earthquakes primarily result from?

    <p>Tectonic forces in Earth's crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plate margin involves plates moving apart and allowing magma to rise between them?

    <p>Constructive Margins (Divergent)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of geological activity occurs when plates move apart, allowing magma to rise between them?

    <p>Formation of volcanic island arcs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common immediate impact of earthquakes on infrastructure?

    <p>Collapsed buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives convectional rain by heating the Earth's surface and causing moist air to rise and cool?

    <p>Solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are tectonic plates located in relation to the Earth's crust?

    <p>Making up the outer layer of the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological event's effects are less severe in developed countries than in developing countries?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes intrusive igneous activity from extrusive igneous activity?

    <p>The rate of cooling of magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological structures are characterized by magma filling cracks and solidifying?

    <p>Sills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rock is primarily associated with karst landscapes?

    <p>Sedimentary rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are laccoliths and lopoliths primarily formed?

    <p>By magma intrusion between rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sills from dykes in terms of their formation process?

    <p>Orientation in relation to existing rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process transforms existing rocks without melting under high pressure and temperature?

    <p>Metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the size of crystals within an igneous rock?

    <p>Rate of cooling of the magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the rock cycle, what process leads to the formation of sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Erosion and sedimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes batholiths from laccoliths in terms of their formation location?

    <p>Depth below Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intrusive body is characterized by chimney-like structures allowing magma movement?

    <p>Pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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