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Questions and Answers
What primary level of analysis does symbolic interactionism focus on?
What primary level of analysis does symbolic interactionism focus on?
According to symbolic interactionism, how are meanings primarily created?
According to symbolic interactionism, how are meanings primarily created?
Which theorist is associated with coining the term 'Symbolic Interactionism'?
Which theorist is associated with coining the term 'Symbolic Interactionism'?
What is the focus of labeling theory in the context of deviance?
What is the focus of labeling theory in the context of deviance?
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How does symbolic interactionism view the relationship between individuals and society?
How does symbolic interactionism view the relationship between individuals and society?
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What critique does labeling theory offer against existing theories of deviance?
What critique does labeling theory offer against existing theories of deviance?
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What methodological approach is associated with symbolic interactionism?
What methodological approach is associated with symbolic interactionism?
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What critique did labeling theory provide regarding Merton's social strain theory?
What critique did labeling theory provide regarding Merton's social strain theory?
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What is a key characteristic of disproportionality in moral panics?
What is a key characteristic of disproportionality in moral panics?
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Which model suggests that elite groups orchestrate moral panics for their own interests?
Which model suggests that elite groups orchestrate moral panics for their own interests?
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Which of the following exemplifies the grassroots model of moral panics?
Which of the following exemplifies the grassroots model of moral panics?
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What do moral entrepreneurs primarily seek to achieve during a moral panic?
What do moral entrepreneurs primarily seek to achieve during a moral panic?
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What might cause a moral panic to dissipate quickly?
What might cause a moral panic to dissipate quickly?
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The term 'folk devil' is associated with what concept?
The term 'folk devil' is associated with what concept?
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What critique has been made regarding the concept of moral panic?
What critique has been made regarding the concept of moral panic?
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What does the interest group perspective primarily focus on in moral panics?
What does the interest group perspective primarily focus on in moral panics?
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The concept of moral panic can lead to what potential outcome in society?
The concept of moral panic can lead to what potential outcome in society?
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What is the primary focus of Jock Young's study on marijuana smokers?
What is the primary focus of Jock Young's study on marijuana smokers?
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According to Stanley Cohen's definition, what is a key characteristic of moral panics?
According to Stanley Cohen's definition, what is a key characteristic of moral panics?
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Which of the following is NOT one of Cohen's five key stages of a moral panic?
Which of the following is NOT one of Cohen's five key stages of a moral panic?
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How do Hall et al. view the media's role in moral panics?
How do Hall et al. view the media's role in moral panics?
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What is a common misconception about folk devils according to Goode and Ben-Yehuda?
What is a common misconception about folk devils according to Goode and Ben-Yehuda?
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Which of the following features is associated with the concern aspect of moral panics?
Which of the following features is associated with the concern aspect of moral panics?
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What was the nature of the media portrayal that Cohen explored in relation to Mods and Rockers?
What was the nature of the media portrayal that Cohen explored in relation to Mods and Rockers?
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What did the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies argue regarding the term 'mugging' in the British moral panic?
What did the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies argue regarding the term 'mugging' in the British moral panic?
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What does the term 'deviancy amplification spiral' refer to in Cohen’s work?
What does the term 'deviancy amplification spiral' refer to in Cohen’s work?
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What is the ideological understanding of moral panics proposed by Hall and others?
What is the ideological understanding of moral panics proposed by Hall and others?
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According to Goode and Ben-Yehuda, what drives the sense of 'hostility' in a moral panic?
According to Goode and Ben-Yehuda, what drives the sense of 'hostility' in a moral panic?
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Which youth subcultures were central to Cohen's analysis of moral panics in his study?
Which youth subcultures were central to Cohen's analysis of moral panics in his study?
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What does Goode and Ben-Yehuda suggest is a common outcome of a moral panic?
What does Goode and Ben-Yehuda suggest is a common outcome of a moral panic?
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What role do individuals play in the construction of deviance within society?
What role do individuals play in the construction of deviance within society?
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What is one consequence of being negatively labeled as deviant?
What is one consequence of being negatively labeled as deviant?
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What characterizes the concept of moral panic?
What characterizes the concept of moral panic?
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How do labeling theorists view the nature of deviance?
How do labeling theorists view the nature of deviance?
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Which factor is commonly disregarded by labeling theory as a cause of deviance?
Which factor is commonly disregarded by labeling theory as a cause of deviance?
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What typically triggers a moral panic according to sociological research?
What typically triggers a moral panic according to sociological research?
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What is a common outcome for individuals who internalize a deviant label?
What is a common outcome for individuals who internalize a deviant label?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of labeling theory?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of labeling theory?
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In relation to deviance, which aspects are considered when defining 'deviant' behaviors?
In relation to deviance, which aspects are considered when defining 'deviant' behaviors?
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Which aspect does NOT constitute a component of stigmatization according to the content?
Which aspect does NOT constitute a component of stigmatization according to the content?
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What led to the emergence of youth culture after WWII?
What led to the emergence of youth culture after WWII?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of cultural appropriation in youth subcultures?
Which of the following best describes the concept of cultural appropriation in youth subcultures?
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What is a critical perspective on Hebdige's analysis of youth subcultures?
What is a critical perspective on Hebdige's analysis of youth subcultures?
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What was a predominant characteristic of US gangs according to the content?
What was a predominant characteristic of US gangs according to the content?
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What is a common reason for individuals to join gangs?
What is a common reason for individuals to join gangs?
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Which type of gangs focus solely on financial gain through illegal activities?
Which type of gangs focus solely on financial gain through illegal activities?
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What is a notable feature of hate groups as classified in the content?
What is a notable feature of hate groups as classified in the content?
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What demographic is predominantly represented in US gangs?
What demographic is predominantly represented in US gangs?
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What is a characteristic of street gangs as described?
What is a characteristic of street gangs as described?
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Which group is an example of a traditional gang?
Which group is an example of a traditional gang?
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Which phrase best describes the 'style' in working-class youth subcultures?
Which phrase best describes the 'style' in working-class youth subcultures?
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What influence has been noted regarding the commodification of subcultural symbols?
What influence has been noted regarding the commodification of subcultural symbols?
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Which aspect is often overlooked in discussions of youth subcultures?
Which aspect is often overlooked in discussions of youth subcultures?
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What best characterizes the evolution of US gangs?
What best characterizes the evolution of US gangs?
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Which statement reflects a key criticism Edwin Sutherland had about traditional crime statistics?
Which statement reflects a key criticism Edwin Sutherland had about traditional crime statistics?
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What type of illegal activity is associated with white collar crime according to Sutherland?
What type of illegal activity is associated with white collar crime according to Sutherland?
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In which profession did Sutherland find evidence of deviant behavior, although it was considered less prevalent than other groups?
In which profession did Sutherland find evidence of deviant behavior, although it was considered less prevalent than other groups?
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According to Sutherland, why are the crimes of 'respectable business and professional men' often overlooked?
According to Sutherland, why are the crimes of 'respectable business and professional men' often overlooked?
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What does Sutherland imply about the nature of white collar crime?
What does Sutherland imply about the nature of white collar crime?
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What is one of the challenges in categorizing white collar criminals according to Sutherland?
What is one of the challenges in categorizing white collar criminals according to Sutherland?
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Which behavior is NOT typically associated with white collar crime as defined by Sutherland?
Which behavior is NOT typically associated with white collar crime as defined by Sutherland?
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Edwin Sutherland's perspective on crime encourages a reevaluation of what aspect?
Edwin Sutherland's perspective on crime encourages a reevaluation of what aspect?
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What accurately describes the term 'subculture' in contemporary understanding?
What accurately describes the term 'subculture' in contemporary understanding?
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Which group is NOT commonly associated with the concept of subcultures?
Which group is NOT commonly associated with the concept of subcultures?
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What is one key aspect that early research on subcultures often overlooked?
What is one key aspect that early research on subcultures often overlooked?
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What distinguishes criminal youth subcultures according to Cloward & Ohlin’s theory?
What distinguishes criminal youth subcultures according to Cloward & Ohlin’s theory?
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In the context of youth subcultures, what does the term 'drift' entail?
In the context of youth subcultures, what does the term 'drift' entail?
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Which type of youth subculture is characterized by members seeking status and success through violence?
Which type of youth subculture is characterized by members seeking status and success through violence?
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What does the British approach to youth subcultures emphasize compared to the American approach?
What does the British approach to youth subcultures emphasize compared to the American approach?
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Which theory suggests that crime and deviance arise from social disorganization?
Which theory suggests that crime and deviance arise from social disorganization?
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What characterizes retreatist youth subcultures?
What characterizes retreatist youth subcultures?
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Which of the following best describes youth membership in subcultures as identified by British researchers?
Which of the following best describes youth membership in subcultures as identified by British researchers?
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Which of the following concepts is primarily used in the context of understanding youth subcultures and their social dynamics?
Which of the following concepts is primarily used in the context of understanding youth subcultures and their social dynamics?
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How do children typically learn deviant behaviors within youth subcultures?
How do children typically learn deviant behaviors within youth subcultures?
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What is a primary focus of Shaw & McKay's analysis of juvenile delinquency?
What is a primary focus of Shaw & McKay's analysis of juvenile delinquency?
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What aspect of Behavior Theory is highlighted by Paul Willis in his study of working-class youths?
What aspect of Behavior Theory is highlighted by Paul Willis in his study of working-class youths?
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What does Sutherland's theory of differential association suggest about criminality?
What does Sutherland's theory of differential association suggest about criminality?
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In what way are white-collar criminals treated differently in the justice system compared to lower-class offenders?
In what way are white-collar criminals treated differently in the justice system compared to lower-class offenders?
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What is a characteristic of lower-class neighborhoods related to crime?
What is a characteristic of lower-class neighborhoods related to crime?
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How did ancient Greeks primarily explain madness?
How did ancient Greeks primarily explain madness?
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What was the focus of the 'great confinement' during the 1600s?
What was the focus of the 'great confinement' during the 1600s?
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What is a significant consequence of labeling individuals with mental illness according to Labelling Theory?
What is a significant consequence of labeling individuals with mental illness according to Labelling Theory?
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What was notable about the treatments during the medieval period for those regarded as mentally ill?
What was notable about the treatments during the medieval period for those regarded as mentally ill?
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What primary role did institutions such as the Hôpital General in Paris serve?
What primary role did institutions such as the Hôpital General in Paris serve?
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What distinguishes mental illness from other forms of deviance?
What distinguishes mental illness from other forms of deviance?
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What did the term 'madness' historically include during the medieval period?
What did the term 'madness' historically include during the medieval period?
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What is a major implication of the debate around the definition of mental illness?
What is a major implication of the debate around the definition of mental illness?
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Which of the following was NOT a treatment used in ancient Greece for madness?
Which of the following was NOT a treatment used in ancient Greece for madness?
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How did attitudes towards mental illness shift during the Renaissance?
How did attitudes towards mental illness shift during the Renaissance?
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Which phenomenon related to criminal behavior did both upper-class and lower-class criminals experience?
Which phenomenon related to criminal behavior did both upper-class and lower-class criminals experience?
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What is a common characteristic of prison gangs?
What is a common characteristic of prison gangs?
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Which statement accurately describes the roles of female gang members?
Which statement accurately describes the roles of female gang members?
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What type of crime does white collar crime encompass?
What type of crime does white collar crime encompass?
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What question does the prevalence of white collar crime raise?
What question does the prevalence of white collar crime raise?
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Which of the following examples is considered a financial scandal under white collar crime?
Which of the following examples is considered a financial scandal under white collar crime?
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What was significant about Bernie Madoff's Ponzi scheme?
What was significant about Bernie Madoff's Ponzi scheme?
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How did Ford handle the safety issue of the Pinto?
How did Ford handle the safety issue of the Pinto?
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What notable action did the manufacturer of Thalidomide take despite knowledge of its harmful effects?
What notable action did the manufacturer of Thalidomide take despite knowledge of its harmful effects?
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What historical example highlights the penalties for traders involved in white collar crime?
What historical example highlights the penalties for traders involved in white collar crime?
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What aspect of white collar crime involves the exploitation of government grants?
What aspect of white collar crime involves the exploitation of government grants?
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Which group is reported to have the highest increasing membership in gangs today?
Which group is reported to have the highest increasing membership in gangs today?
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What type of white collar crime raises concerns about public health and safety?
What type of white collar crime raises concerns about public health and safety?
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What characterized the activities of some female gangs?
What characterized the activities of some female gangs?
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What common focus do traditional street gangs and prison gangs share?
What common focus do traditional street gangs and prison gangs share?
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Study Notes
Symbolic Interactionism
- Micro-level perspective focusing on individuals and small groups.
- Contrasts with macro-level social processes and relationships.
- Emphasizes how societies are created and maintained through individual actions (habits, customs).
- Views society as socially constructed, not objective.
- Individuals understand their social world through communication, exchanging meaning via symbols and language.
- Meanings are continuously created, interpreted, manipulated, and negotiated within interactions.
- Herbert Blumer coined the term "Symbolic Interactionism," drawing on George Herbert Mead's social behaviourism.
- The "self" develops from social interactions.
- Challenges positivist views on knowledge, objectivity, and social reality.
- Introduced a qualitative research paradigm, starting with observations to develop theories and concepts.
- Views individuals as active agents, engaging in mindful, purposive actions, manipulating symbols, and negotiating meanings.
- Sees the relationship between individuals and society as interconnected and fluid, constantly changing.
Labeling Theory
- A leading approach to studying deviance, emerging in the 1960s.
- Influenced by Scottish Moralist and American Pragmatist philosophies, George Herbert Mead, and Chicago School theorists (Park, Burgess, Wirth, Thomas).
- Reacted against positivist theories of deviance, critiquing strain theory (Merton) and differential association (Sutherland).
- Criticized macro-level explanations, focusing instead on societal reactions to deviance.
- Emphasized the creation and interpretation of deviance through interactions, highlighting how individuals are labelled deviant by informal and formal agents of social control.
- Examines the consequences of negative labeling, including stigma, impacts on self-concept, and how individuals manage stigmatization.
- Views deviance as complex, dependent on factors like age, gender, ethnicity, and social class, and the meanings attributed to behaviors.
- Focuses on how actions become "deviant" when defined as such by society.
- Deviance is not inherent to an individual but a label imposed on behavior.
- The label can lead to a "deviant career" and a self-fulfilling prophecy.
- Stigmatization is a moral judgment resulting in social undesirability, impact on self-perception, and strained relationships.
Social Constructionism
- Examines how societal perceptions of issues like deviance are constructed.
- A broader perspective than labeling theory, encompassing perspectives on social problems, moral panics, and youth subcultures.
Moral Panics
- Periods of exaggerated public concern over a perceived moral threat to society.
- Often triggered by media reports, leading to "folk devils" that embody the threat.
- Include reactive laws and policies.
- Analyzed through "processual models" (focused on socio-cultural development) and "attributional models" (focused on structural characteristics).
- Key figures in the study of moral panics include Jock Young and Stanley Cohen, who emphasized media's role in constructing deviance and societal reactions.
- Cohen's definition includes the concept of "deviancy amplification."
- Goode and Ben-Yehuda developed a comprehensive analysis of moral panics' features, including concern, hostility, consensus, disproportionality, and volatility.
Youth Subcultures and Gangs
- Examines youth groups differentiated from mainstream society, focusing on identity formation.
- American tradition focuses on juvenile delinquency and gangs, influenced by social disorganization theory (Shaw and McKay).
- American theorists also focus on illegitimate opportunities (Cloward and Ohlin), identifying criminal, conflict, and retreatist youth subcultures.
- British tradition analyzes class conflict and resistance to dominant culture.
- Key figures include Paul Willis, examining working-class youth, and Dick Hebdige, exploring meaning-making within youth subcultures (especially punk).
- US gangs are complex and varied, often driven by social exclusion, racism, and lack of opportunity.
- Different types of gangs (traditional, business, hate, copycat, street, prison) exhibit different characteristics and motivations.
White Collar Crime
- Financially motivated, nonviolent crime committed by businesses, professionals, and governments.
- Coined by Edwin Sutherland, emphasizing the involvement of respectable individuals in disreputable activities.
- Explores the impact of white-collar crime on financial systems, public health, environmental safety, and societal legitimacy.
- Cases like Madoff's Ponzi scheme highlight the magnitude of this type of crime and its impact on victims.
- The study of white-collar crime raises questions about the organization, morality, and legitimacy of capitalism and the application (or lack thereof) of criminal justice.
Mental Illness as Deviance
- Examines mental illness as a form of unintentional deviance, marked by stigma and often shaped by social structures, norms, and societal labeling.
- Explores the historical shifting definitions of mental illness, from supernatural explanations (Ancient Greece, Medieval period) to the medical model that emerged in the 19th century.
- Considers the impact of institutionalization and social labeling on those with mental illnesses.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of Symbolic Interactionism in this quiz. Delve into its micro-level perspective and understand how individuals create and maintain societies through interactions. Learn about its foundational theorists, Herbert Blumer and George Herbert Mead, and the qualitative research paradigm it introduced.
