Symbiotic and Parasitic Nutrition

• Internal respiration is the oxidation of organic food substances within cells to release carbon dioxide and water, also known as tissue respiration.

• Conditions necessary for respiration to take place include a respiratory medium, respiratory organ, respiratory surface, ventilation, and transport medium.

• Respiratory surfaces must have a large surface area, be moist, permeable, well-ventilated, and have an efficient transport system.

• Different organisms have distinct respiratory systems, such as amoeba and paramecium using cell membrane and body surfaces, hydra using cell membrane, earthworm using body surface, and fish using gills.

• Insects have a tracheal system, reptiles, birds, and mammals use lungs, and frogs and toads use mouth, skin, and lungs.

• Flowering plants use stomata and lenticels for respiration.

• Symbiotic nutrition involves two organisms benefiting from each other without harm, such as algae and fungus in lichens.

• Parasitic nutrition involves one organism living in or on another and obtaining food, causing harm to the host, with examples including ectoparasites like lice and ticks, and endoparasites like tapeworms.

• Carnivorous or insectivorous nutrition involves plants equipped with devices for trapping, digesting, and absorbing nutrients from insects and other organisms.

• The female reproductive system consists of the uterus, vagina, cervix, vulva, and clitoris.

• The structure of the sperm enables it to function effectively in fertilization, with components including the acrosome, middle piece, nucleus, and tail.

• Aerobic respiration produces a total net formation of 38 ATPs, while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and produces less energy.

• Anaerobic respiration occurs in certain microorganisms like yeast and produces ethanol and carbon dioxide as waste products.

• ATP plays critical roles in preserving cell structure, transporting macromolecules, movement, nerve impulses, and cell signaling.

• Asexual reproduction involves only one parent organism, does not involve gamete formation or meiosis, and produces more individuals.

• Sexual reproduction involves two parent organisms, gamete formation, meiosis, fertilization, and produces fewer individuals.

• Asexual reproduction in plants occurs through methods such as fragmentation, budding, spore formation, and vegetative propagation.

Learn about the different types of nutrition in organisms, including symbiosis where both organisms benefit, and parasitic nutrition where one organism benefits at the expense of another. Discover examples of each, such as lichens and sea anemones and hermit crabs.