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Study Notes
Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Nutrition
- Heterotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition where organisms obtain their energy by consuming other organisms or organic matter.
- Autotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition where organisms produce their own energy through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Saprophytes and Their Food Sources
- Saprophytes are organisms that obtain their energy by breaking down dead organic matter.
- Examples of saprophytes include fungi and bacteria.
- Their food sources include dead plants, dead animals, and decaying organic matter.
Processes by Which Raw Materials Reach Plant Leaves
- Two processes by which the raw (inorganic) materials required for making nutrients reach the leaves of a plant are:
- Absorption through roots
- Transportation through xylem vessels
Photosynthesis in a Flowering Plant
- Photosynthesis occurs in a flowering plant through two stages: light and dark reactions.
- In the light reaction, light energy is absorbed and converted into ATP and NADPH.
- In the dark reaction, ATP and NADPH are used to convert CO2 into glucose.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
- Biotic factor: living organisms that affect the environment, such as predators, prey, and competitors.
- Abiotic factor: non-living components that affect the environment, such as temperature, light, and water.
Food Web and Ecosystem
- In a food web, organisms are connected by predator-prey relationships.
- The hawk is an apex predator in the ecosystem.
- If the hawk becomes extinct, two possible consequences are:
- Imbalance in the population of smaller predators
- Changes in the population of prey species
Decomposers in Food Webs
- Decomposers are important in all food webs because they:
- Break down organic matter and recycle nutrients
- Release nutrients back into the environment
Similarities between Plant and Animal Cells
- Two similarities between plant and animal cells are:
- Both have cell membranes
- Both have cytoplasm
Structure of a Bacterial Cell
- The structure of a bacterial cell is suited for its role in infecting other organisms.
- The bacterial cell has a cell wall, plasma membrane, and genetic material (DNA).
Role of the Liver in Homeostatic Control of Blood Glucose Levels
- The liver plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels by:
- Storing glycogen and releasing it when needed
- Converting excess glucose into glycogen
Blood Glucose Concentration
- A healthy person's blood glucose concentration ranges from 4-6 mmol/L.
- Person A is most likely suffering from diabetes mellitus due to their consistently high blood glucose levels.
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
- Unicellular organisms are single-celled organisms, such as bacteria.
- Multicellular organisms are composed of many cells, such as humans.
- Multicellular organisms require transport systems because they have a larger size and more complex structure, making it difficult for nutrients to reach all cells.
Transport Systems in Multicellular Organisms
- Three materials that can be transported in multicellular organisms are:
- Oxygen
- Glucose
- Amino acids
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Description
Quiz on types of nutrition, including heterotrophic and autotrophic nutrition. Test your understanding of these biological concepts.
