Biology Nutrition Types

Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Nutrition

• Heterotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition where organisms obtain their energy by consuming other organisms or organic matter.
• Autotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition where organisms produce their own energy through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Saprophytes and Their Food Sources

• Saprophytes are organisms that obtain their energy by breaking down dead organic matter.
• Examples of saprophytes include fungi and bacteria.
• Their food sources include dead plants, dead animals, and decaying organic matter.

Processes by Which Raw Materials Reach Plant Leaves

• Two processes by which the raw (inorganic) materials required for making nutrients reach the leaves of a plant are:
  • Absorption through roots
  • Transportation through xylem vessels

Photosynthesis in a Flowering Plant

• Photosynthesis occurs in a flowering plant through two stages: light and dark reactions.
• In the light reaction, light energy is absorbed and converted into ATP and NADPH.
• In the dark reaction, ATP and NADPH are used to convert CO2 into glucose.

Biotic and Abiotic Factors

• Biotic factor: living organisms that affect the environment, such as predators, prey, and competitors.
• Abiotic factor: non-living components that affect the environment, such as temperature, light, and water.

Food Web and Ecosystem

• In a food web, organisms are connected by predator-prey relationships.
• The hawk is an apex predator in the ecosystem.
• If the hawk becomes extinct, two possible consequences are:
  • Imbalance in the population of smaller predators
  • Changes in the population of prey species

Decomposers in Food Webs

• Decomposers are important in all food webs because they:
  • Break down organic matter and recycle nutrients
  • Release nutrients back into the environment

Similarities between Plant and Animal Cells

• Two similarities between plant and animal cells are:
  • Both have cell membranes
  • Both have cytoplasm

Structure of a Bacterial Cell

• The structure of a bacterial cell is suited for its role in infecting other organisms.
• The bacterial cell has a cell wall, plasma membrane, and genetic material (DNA).

Role of the Liver in Homeostatic Control of Blood Glucose Levels

• The liver plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels by:
  • Storing glycogen and releasing it when needed
  • Converting excess glucose into glycogen

Blood Glucose Concentration

• A healthy person's blood glucose concentration ranges from 4-6 mmol/L.
• Person A is most likely suffering from diabetes mellitus due to their consistently high blood glucose levels.

Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

• Unicellular organisms are single-celled organisms, such as bacteria.
• Multicellular organisms are composed of many cells, such as humans.
• Multicellular organisms require transport systems because they have a larger size and more complex structure, making it difficult for nutrients to reach all cells.

Transport Systems in Multicellular Organisms

• Three materials that can be transported in multicellular organisms are:
  • Oxygen
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids