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Questions and Answers
What are the classical clinical swine influenza associated with?
What are the classical clinical swine influenza associated with?
Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2
Which species are important hosts for influenza A viruses?
Which species are important hosts for influenza A viruses?
Humans, primates, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds
What is the difference in stability between avian and mammalian influenza viruses?
What is the difference in stability between avian and mammalian influenza viruses?
Avian viruses are more stable than mammalian viruses
How do unstable gene constellations in avian species become stable?
How do unstable gene constellations in avian species become stable?
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What plays a part in influenza virus species specificity?
What plays a part in influenza virus species specificity?
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What are the methods by which influenza viruses cross the species barrier?
What are the methods by which influenza viruses cross the species barrier?
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What naming convention is used for new variants in pig husbandry?
What naming convention is used for new variants in pig husbandry?
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What do the HA and NA proteins on the viral envelope stand for?
What do the HA and NA proteins on the viral envelope stand for?
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What is the role of the H protein in the virus infection process?
What is the role of the H protein in the virus infection process?
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Why is the pig considered a 'mixing vessel' in terms of virus transmission?
Why is the pig considered a 'mixing vessel' in terms of virus transmission?
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What are the two types of changes that the surface HA and NA antigens undergo?
What are the two types of changes that the surface HA and NA antigens undergo?
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How many proteins are encoded by the 8 RNA segments of the virus?
How many proteins are encoded by the 8 RNA segments of the virus?
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Study Notes
Classical Swine Influenza
- Associated with influenza A virus subtype H1N1.
Important Hosts for Influenza A Viruses
- Pigs
- Birds
- Humans
Stability of Avian and Mammalian Influenza Viruses
- Avian influenza viruses are more stable than mammalian influenza viruses.
- This difference is due to the genes that determine the stability of the virus.
Unstable Gene Constellations in Avian Species
- Avian influenza viruses genes are unstable initially
- Become stable through natural selection and adaptation to a specific host.
Influenza Virus Species Specificity
- Species specificity determined by the HA and NA proteins on the viral envelope.
Methods of Influenza Virus Cross-Species Barrier
- Direct transmission from infected animals to humans
- Indirect transmission through intermediate hosts, like pigs, which can harbor both avian and mammalian influenza viruses.
Naming Convention for New Variants in Pig Husbandry
- Use the subtype of influenza A virus, followed by the year of isolation, and then the place of isolation.
HA and NA Proteins
- Hemagglutinin (HA): Responsible for binding to host cells.
- Neuraminidase (NA): Responsible for releasing newly formed viral particles from infected cells.
Role of H Protein in Virus Infection Process
- Helps the virus attach to the host cell.
- Triggers endocytosis, the process of the virus entering the cell.
Pigs as Mixing Vessels
- Pigs can be infected by both avian and mammalian influenza viruses.
- This allows for genetic reassortment between different viral strains, leading to the emergence of new and potentially pandemic strains.
Changes in Surface HA and NA Antigens
- Antigenic drift: Small changes in the HA and NA proteins due to mutations.
- Antigenic shift: Major changes in the HA and NA proteins due to reassortment of genetic material from different influenza viruses.
Proteins Encoded by the 8 RNA Segments
- The 8 RNA segments encode 10 proteins.
- This allows for genetic reassortment, increasing the potential for new and diverse virus strains.
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Description
Test your knowledge on swine influenza, an important cause of broncho-interstitial pneumonia in pig-keeping areas worldwide. Learn about the changing viruses, genetic drift, and the classical clinical types associated with the disease.
