Swallowing Process Quiz

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What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

What are the end products of fat digestion?

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids

How are amino acids held together in proteins?

Peptide bonds

What is the process of breakdown by water called in digestion?

Enzymatic hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Where does most absorption of nutrients occur in the digestive system?

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of sensory receptors in the digestive tract wall?

<ol> <li>Chemoreceptors sensitive to chemical components within the lumen 2. Mechanoreceptors sensitive to stretch or tension within the wall 3. Osmoreceptors sensitive to the osmolarity of the luminal contents</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors involved in regulating digestive system function?

Autonomous smooth muscle function, intrinsic nerve plexuses, extrinsic nerves Signup and view all the answers

Name the two nerve plexuses that lie entirely within the digestive tract wall.

<ol> <li>The submucosal plexus and 2. The myenteric plexus</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the effects of the enteric nervous system on digestive activities?

<ul> <li>Contraction of smooth muscle cells - Secretion of gastrointestinal hormones - Secretion of digestive juices</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons are present in the enteric nervous system?

Sensory neurons, excitatory neurons, and inhibitory neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves make up the extrinsic nerves that affect digestive functions?

Nerve fibers from the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) Signup and view all the answers

Where are gastrointestinal hormones released from?

Endocrine gland cells in the mucosa of certain regions of the digestive tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of peristalsis in the pharyngeal-esophageal phase?

To move the bolus toward the stomach Signup and view all the answers

When does the cardioesophageal sphincter open during swallowing?

When food presses against it Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the upper esophageal sphincter in the swallowing process?

To allow the bolus to enter the esophagus Signup and view all the answers

How does esophageal secretion protect the esophageal wall?

By lubricating the passage of food and protecting from gastric reflux Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mucus secreting gland cells in the esophagus?

To secrete protective mucus Signup and view all the answers

How is the stomach described in terms of its shape and location?

J-shaped saclike chamber lying between the esophagus and small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of propulsion in the stomach.

Peristaltic waves move from the fundus toward the pylorus to push food along the digestive tract. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pyloric valve in stomach function?

The pyloric valve acts as a pump that delivers small amounts of chyme into the duodenum. Signup and view all the answers

How does the stomach change in volume from empty to full during a meal?

The stomach can expand from about 50 ml to a capacity of about 1 liter (1000 ml) during a meal. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main functions of the stomach?

<ol> <li>Store ingested food until it can be emptied into the small intestine. 2. Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes that begin protein digestion. 3. Mix ingested food with gastric secretions to produce chyme.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Where does gastric mixing primarily take place in the stomach?

Gastric mixing primarily takes place in the antrum of the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

What is the total length of the small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum?

The small intestine measures more than 20 feet on average, with the duodenum being approximately 12 inches long. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of the large intestine?

To absorb the remaining water and form solid fecal matter. Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of feces?

Undigested food residues, mucus, bacteria, and water. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of resident bacteria in the large intestine?

To digest remaining nutrients, produce some vitamin K and B, and release gases. Signup and view all the answers

How are lipids absorbed in the small intestine?

By diffusion. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of defecation reflex.

Presence of feces in the rectum causes the internal anal sphincter to relax, followed by relaxation of the voluntary anal sphincter. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the sluggish peristalsis in the large intestine?

When food residue arrives in the large intestine. Signup and view all the answers