Cognitive Exam

<p>Recency effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence or absence of the recency effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To examine the distinction between short-term and long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primacy effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rate of rehearsal of words</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants remember more words from the last list due to semantic connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent decay of information in the phonological store</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phonological similarity effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as the attention controller for focusing and dividing attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It eliminates the word length effect and reduces the phonological similarity effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as a backup store that communicates with long-term and working memory components</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a limited capacity and duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It repeatedly performs the same action of thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that there are other mechanisms at play in imagining images</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The revised model includes the episodic buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To form and store new episodic memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is tied to personal experiences and mental time travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>K.F had damaged parietal lobe, while K.C had damaged hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired short-term memory and reduced digit span</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired episodic memory, but intact semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To form and store new episodic memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic memories involve mental time travel, while semantic memories do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired episodic memory and intact semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired semantic memory, but intact episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure to distinguish the source of the information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreased the number of errors in remembering the original story</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The constructive nature of memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People assume that eyewitnesses see and remember accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Source monitoring errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants remembered the new events as though they actually happened</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is based on constructive memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases the accuracy of eyewitness testimony</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that eyewitness testimony is unreliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuron interaction and experience-dependent plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experience-dependent plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining the identity of an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates perception by offering more views</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experience-dependent plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constant coordination between perception and action</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Familiarity with environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining the location of an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Familiarity and ease of perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuron interaction and experience-dependent plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental energy stimulating the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to identify hidden or blurred objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both bottom-up and top-down processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uniqueness of human perceptual processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited success with some problems that could not be solved</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both environmental energy stimulating the senses and knowledge and expectation the observer brings to the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans use both bottom-up and top-down processing, while machines struggle to replicate this</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Machines will never be able to replicate human perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception and action are intertwined processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To combine individual features to create a coherent object</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants do not perceive the stimulus even when looking directly at it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained attention is necessary to detect changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How features are combined to create a coherent object</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inattentional blindness occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inattentional blindness occurs without attention, while change blindness occurs with attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To analyze objects into individual features</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enable the perception of objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Features are combined to create a coherent object</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stimulus is not perceived, even when looking directly at it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-load tasks use fewer cognitive resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Following multiple trials, automatic processing occurs for divided attention tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be detrimental in situations such as driving or operating heavy machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants on the phone missed twice as many red lights and took longer to apply the brakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs without intention and only uses some cognitive resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective attention focuses on one task, while divided attention focuses on multiple tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Stroop Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to automatic processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-load tasks use fewer cognitive resources, leaving resources available for processing unattended stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be detrimental in situations such as driving or operating heavy machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A change in gender and tone can be noticed despite attention not being selectively applied to the speaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The point at which attention filtering occurs in the attention process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To shadow one message to ensure attention is being applied to that message</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incoming messages are filtered before being analyzed for meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The message to the unattended ear was being processed, but attention was not selectively applied to it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The artificial setup of the experiment versus the natural setting of real-life situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Models of selective attention need to be revised to account for the processing of the unattended ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To shadow one message to ensure attention is being applied to that message</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The participant's awareness of the message</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divided attention is a complex process that involves the processing of multiple messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent decay of information in the phonological loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced memory span and elimination of word length effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control the flow of information and focus attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communicating with long-term and working memory components</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion between words that sound similar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create visual images in the absence of physical stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeatedly performing an action without achieving the desired goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Better memory for short words than long words</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To rehearse verbal information and prevent decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primacy effect is due to the higher rehearsal rates for words at the beginning of the list, making it more likely for the information to enter long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic encoding enhances memory retention by establishing meaningful connections between words, making them more memorable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The recency effect is present in immediate memory tests, but it disappears when the memory test is delayed for 30 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The articulatory rehearsal process involves the silent repetition of words, which enhances memory retention by increasing the rehearsal rates and consolidating information in short-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both visual and auditory encoding occur in short-term and long-term memory, but they differ in their modality-specific characteristics and processing mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The articulatory rehearsal process is the primary mechanism that prevents the phonological store from decaying. It allows for the continuous rehearsal of information in the phonological loop, which in turn enhances memory performance by reducing the decay of information over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Articulatory suppression prevents the rehearsal of items to be remembered, which reduces memory span, eliminates the word length effect, and reduces the phonological similarity effect. This is because speaking prevents the articulatory rehearsal process from occurring, leading to a decline in memory performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The episodic buffer is a backup store that communicates with long-term and working memory components. It acts as a 'bridge' between the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive, allowing for the integration of information from different components of working memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central executive acts as an attention controller, focusing attention on relevant information and suppressing irrelevant information. Perseveration, or the repeated performance of the same action or thought, can negatively impact working memory performance by reducing the efficiency of the central executive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The visuospatial sketchpad creates visual images in the mind, and the episodic buffer acts as a backup store that communicates with the visuospatial sketchpad. The interaction between these two components enables the creation of complex visual images and the integration of visual information with other components of working memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic memory involves mental time travel, is tied to personal experience, and involves remembering specific events, whereas semantic memory involves general knowledge and facts, and does not involve mental time travel or personal experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hippocampus is involved in long-term memory, while the parietal lobe is involved in short-term memory, and damage to these areas can result in distinct patterns of memory impairment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient K.C's intact semantic memory despite impaired episodic memory, and the Italian woman's intact episodic memory despite impaired semantic memory, demonstrate that these two types of memory are encoded and stored separately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This finding suggests that the hippocampus is involved in long-term memory, and that the formation of new memories is possible even in the absence of intact short-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic memory is characterized by 'self-knowing', which involves remembering oneself as part of the remembered event, and is closely tied to Tulving's concept of mental time travel, which involves reliving past events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained attention is essential for detecting changes in similar but slightly different scenes, and its absence leads to change blindness. When attention is directed to the changes, they become easily detectable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The binding process combines features such as color, form, motion, and location to create our perception of a coherent object, and it requires attention to integrate these features effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inattentional blindness demonstrates that attention is necessary for perception, and when attention is focused on a specific task, other stimuli may go unnoticed, even if they are in plain sight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention is linked to visual perception, and divided attention can lead to impaired perception, making it difficult to detect changes or notice stimuli that are not attended to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention is necessary for detecting changes in similar scenes, and without attention, changes may go unnoticed, leading to change blindness. This highlights the importance of attention in shaping our perception of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary mechanism underlying divided attention is the ability to allocate cognitive resources to multiple tasks simultaneously, which leads to automatic processing of one or both tasks without intention. This occurs when the tasks become practiced and familiar, requiring fewer cognitive resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The load theory of attention states that low-load tasks require fewer cognitive resources, leaving resources available for processing unattended stimuli, whereas high-load tasks require all cognitive resources and leave none for processing unattended stimuli. This means that high-load tasks are more prone to interference from unattended stimuli, while low-load tasks are more susceptible to distraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary finding of Schneider and Shiffrin's (1977) experiment is that, with practice, participants can divide their attention between two tasks and perform both tasks automatically, without intention. This demonstrates that divided attention can become automatized with sufficient practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary danger of divided attention in certain situations, such as driving or operating heavy machinery, is that it can lead to a decreased ability to respond to critical stimuli, resulting in accidents or errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Stroop Test demonstrates the interference of unattended stimuli on selective attention, as the name of the word interferes with the ability to name the ink color, due to the higher processing capacity required. This shows that unattended stimuli can compete with attended stimuli for cognitive resources, highlighting the importance of selective attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The experiment demonstrates divided attention by showing that participants can focus on one message and filter out the other, but still process the unattended message at some level. The findings suggest that attention filtering occurs at some point in the attention process, supporting models of selective attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The models of selective attention include Early selection models (e.g. Broadbent's filter model), Intermediate selection models (e.g. Treisman's attenuation model), and Late selection models (e.g. MacKay's 1973 model). They differ in the point at which attention filtering occurs in the processing of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Cocktail Party effect shows that people can notice changes in the unattended message, even if they are not consciously attending to it. This supports the idea that the unattended message is still being processed at some level, as demonstrated in the experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divided attention is a common experience in everyday life, and the findings suggest that our ability to focus on one thing while filtering out other stimuli is more complex than previously thought. This has implications for our understanding of human perception and attention in real-world situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The findings suggest that attention and perception are closely linked, and that attention filtering occurs at some point in the processing of information. This supports the concept of selective attention, which highlights the role of attention in shaping our perception of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental energy stimulates the receptors and provides information, while knowledge and expectations of the observer influence perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Machines struggle with the inverse projection problem, making it difficult to determine the object responsible for an image on the retina, and they often have trouble identifying hidden or blurred objects or objects from different viewpoints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception involves a process similar to reasoning or problem-solving because it requires the integration of sensory information and prior knowledge to create a coherent understanding of the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human perceptual processes are unique in their ability to integrate sensory information and prior knowledge to create a coherent understanding of the environment, which is difficult to replicate in machines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Top-down processing involves the influence of prior knowledge and expectations on perception, while bottom-up processing involves the stimulation of receptors by environmental energy, and both are involved in perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experience-dependent plasticity refers to the mechanism by which the structure of the brain is changed by experience. As we experience the world around us, our neurons become tuned to respond best to what we commonly experience, developing schemas that influence our perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement adds complexity to perception by offering multiple views of a stimulus, allowing for more accurate perceptions. This is related to the development of schemas, as our movement and experience of the world shape our perception of it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ventral pathway determines the identity of an object, while the dorsal pathway determines its location. The interaction between these pathways allows us to perceive and understand the world around us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuron interaction is the mechanism by which schemas are developed, as neurons respond best to what we commonly experience and become tuned to respond to specific stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception as action refers to the idea that perception and action are constantly coordinated in the brain. This highlights the importance of movement in perception, as we perceive and respond to the world around us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False memories; it can lead to inaccurate eyewitness testimony, as people may remember events that did not occur, which can have serious consequences in a court of law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Source monitoring error occurs when people have trouble distinguishing between the original source of information and subsequent information. It can be reduced by changing the voice or other features of the subsequent information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study suggests that eyewitness testimony may be unreliable, as people can remember events that never occurred, and eyewitnesses may not be able to distinguish between what they actually saw and what they were told.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eyewitness testimony can be prone to errors due to source monitoring errors, false memories, and the constructive nature of memory. These errors can have serious consequences, such as wrongful convictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The constructive nature of memory means that memories can be altered or distorted over time, which can lead to inaccurate eyewitness testimony. This can be mitigated by taking steps to ensure that eyewitnesses' memories are not influenced by subsequent information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained attention, characterized by the ability to maintain focus over extended periods, is indispensable for navigating the demands of everyday life. Whether studying for exams, working on projects, or engaging in repetitive tasks, sustained attention ensures that we remain immersed in our endeavors, despite the potential for monotony or distraction. The concept of vigilance decrement, wherein performance declines over time, underscores the taxing nature of sustained attention and its susceptibility to fatigue or waning motivation. This fluctuation from 'in the zone' periods to 'out of the zone' moments exemplifies the dynamic nature of sustained attention, highlighting its nuanced interplay with cognitive states. The Mackworth Clock Task, a seminal experiment designed to measure sustained attention during World War II radar operations, offers empirical evidence of this phenomenon. Participants tasked with vigilantly monitoring a clock display exhibited a decline in their ability to detect targets over the course of two hours—a tangible demonstration of sustained attention's impact on task performance in real-world scenarios. Thus, sustained attention not only facilitates our engagement with tasks requiring prolonged focus but also shapes our interaction with the world by influencing our ability to maintain cognitive engagement amidst varying environmental demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective attention, fundamental for filtering relevant information amidst a deluge of stimuli, plays a pivotal role in our daily interactions with the world. By focusing on specific messages while disregarding others, selective attention allows us to allocate cognitive resources efficiently, enhancing our ability to prioritize tasks and navigate complex environments. The phenomenon of inattentional blindness vividly illustrates the limitations of selective attention, as participants engrossed in counting basketball passes fail to notice a gorilla conspicuously entering the scene—an apt demonstration of how our attentional spotlight can overshadow salient stimuli. This ability to filter information is not limited to visual stimuli but extends to auditory cues as well, as evidenced by dichotic listening experiments. By presenting different messages to each ear, researchers elucidate the selective nature of attention, revealing our capacity to shadow one message while filtering out the other. Despite our inability to consciously report the content of the unattended message, the Cocktail Party Effect demonstrates that some level of processing occurs, as changes in gender or tone can be detected despite attention not being selectively applied to the speaker. Thus, selective attention not only facilitates our engagement with pertinent information but also shapes our perception of the world by guiding our focus amidst a myriad of competing stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divided attention, the ability to juggle multiple tasks concurrently, serves as a cornerstone for navigating the multifaceted demands of everyday life. Through practice and repetition, individuals hone their capacity to allocate cognitive resources across disparate tasks, thereby enhancing their efficiency and productivity. Schneider and Shiffrin's (1977) seminal experiment illuminates the malleable nature of divided attention, demonstrating how performance improves with practice until tasks become automatized. This phenomenon underscores the adaptive nature of cognitive processes, as repeated exposure fosters the development of automatic processing—an attentional state that operates without conscious intention, conserving cognitive resources for other endeavors. However, while divided attention confers benefits in certain contexts, its indiscriminate application can prove detrimental, particularly in safety-critical scenarios like driving. Strayer &amp; Johnston's (2001) simulated driving experiment underscores the risks associated with divided attention, as participants conversing on the phone exhibit compromised reaction times and heightened accident susceptibility. Even with hands-free devices, the cognitive demands of multitasking impair performance, highlighting the perils of cognitive overload.</p> Signup and view all the answers