Cognitive Psychology Chapter on Attention
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the ability to focus on one auditory message while being aware of other surrounding messages?

  • Selective attention (correct)
  • Top-down processing
  • Bottom-up processing
  • Working memory

    • People can effectively process multiple auditory messages in detail at the same time.

    False

    What should designers avoid when presenting information to ensure effective processing?

    Presenting a large quantity of information in a short time.

    The ______ of selective attention can be directed inwardly to mental activities such as rehearsal and problem solving.

    <p>spotlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Bottom-up processing = Analysis starting from sensory input Top-down processing = Interpretation based on prior knowledge Working memory limitations = Restriction in the amount of information processed at one time Usability testing guidelines = Recommendations for effective user interaction design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of working memory?

    <p>Temporarily holding and manipulating information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perception only involves bottom-up processing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of optimizing bottom-up processing?

    <p>Using more vivid colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is feature analysis?

    <p>The process of breaking down complex stimuli into component parts or features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the model of human information processing, ________ recognition involves comparing incoming stimulus information with stored knowledge.

    <p>perceptual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Top-down processing becomes more efficient with a larger vocabulary.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their respective characteristics:

    <p>Bottom-up processing = Starts with sensory input and builds up to perception Top-down processing = Guided by existing knowledge and expectations Working memory = Short-term storage and manipulation of information Feature analysis = Breaking down stimuli into individual features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of transferring information from the sensory register to working memory?

    <p>Only a very limited amount of information can be brought at once.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to information in working memory if it is not rehearsed?

    <p>It decays rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective attention can be compared to a __________ that narrows in on certain objects or information.

    <p>spotlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective attention allows individuals to focus on one stimulus while ignoring others.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processing types to their descriptions:

    <p>Bottom-up processing = Processing based on incoming sensory information Top-down processing = Processing influenced by prior knowledge and context Selective attention = Focusing on a subset of information Working memory = Temporary storage for active information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should designers avoid when testing the usability of icons?

    <p>Conducting tests in isolation from context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define working memory limitations.

    <p>The constraint on the amount of information that can be actively held and processed at one time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sensory register can hold visual information for about 5 seconds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'context effects' in usability testing?

    <p>Context effects refer to the environmental and task-related factors that influence recognition and comprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Selective Attention

    • The ability to focus on one auditory message while being aware of other surrounding messages is called selective attention.
    • People can effectively process multiple auditory messages in detail at the same time.
    • Designers should avoid presenting information that is too complex, cluttered, or overwhelming to ensure effective processing.
    • The focus of selective attention can be directed inwardly to mental activities such as rehearsal and problem solving.

    Matching Concepts with Descriptions

    Concept Description
    Working memory The primary function of working memory is to hold information temporarily while it is being processed.
    Perception Perception involves both bottom-up and top-down processing.
    Optimizing bottom-up processing An example of optimizing bottom-up processing is using clear and contrasting visual stimuli to make information easier to perceive.
    Feature analysis Feature analysis is the process of breaking down a stimulus into its basic features and then comparing them to stored representations in memory.
    Pattern recognition Pattern recognition involves comparing incoming stimulus information with stored knowledge.
    Top-down processing Top-down processing becomes more efficient with a larger vocabulary.

    Working Memory

    • The main limitation of transferring information from the sensory register to working memory is the limited capacity of working memory.
    • If information in working memory is not rehearsed, it will be lost from working memory.
    • Selective attention can be compared to a spotlight that narrows in on certain objects or information.
    • Selective attention allows individuals to focus on one stimulus while ignoring others.

    Matching Processing Types to Descriptions

    Processing Type Description
    Bottom-up processing This type of processing starts with the sensory input and works its way up to the higher levels of cognitive processing.
    Top-down processing This type of processing starts with the higher levels of cognitive processing and then influences the interpretation of sensory input.

    Usability Testing

    • When testing the usability of icons, designers should avoid using icons that are too abstract, unfamiliar, or confusing. |
    • Working memory limitations refer to the limited amount of information that can be held in working memory at any given time. |
    • The sensory register can hold visual information for about half a second, not 5 seconds.
    • 'Context effects' in usability testing refer to the influence of the surrounding environment or situation on the user's performance and experience.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts of cognitive psychology, particularly focusing on attention and working memory. This quiz includes questions on auditory processing, selective attention, and the interplay of top-down and bottom-up processing in perception. Evaluate your understanding of how we manage and perceive multiple sources of information.

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