Sustainable Development Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concept associated with investment in the context of development?

  • Savings
  • Consumption
  • Welfare (correct)
  • Employment

Which of the following best defines welfare as discussed in the content?

  • A type of economic growth
  • Financial assistance for those in need
  • Governmental programs for unemployment
  • A measure of happiness and satisfaction in life (correct)

According to the content, what does an increase in welfare signify?

  • A decrease in government spending
  • An enhancement in the total well-being of a group (correct)
  • A reduction in social services
  • A focus solely on financial wealth

Which of the following components is NOT associated with an individual's welfare?

<p>Government support programs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential outcome of development even if some individuals are adversely affected?

<p>Total welfare can improve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a theoretical context, who is included in the concept of general welfare?

<p>Everyone, including possibly animals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might someone’s sense of belonging affect their welfare?

<p>It contributes positively to overall happiness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements reflects a misconception about welfare?

<p>Welfare is only related to monetary aid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue with total welfare increasing in society?

<p>Some groups may be negatively affected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a broader view of sustainability?

<p>Emphasizing the preservation of natural systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception may hinder discussions about sustainability?

<p>Assuming that sustainability exclusively means sustainable development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do some religious and cultural traditions differ in their approach to sustainability?

<p>They emphasize long-term preservation over short-term gains. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What moral consideration is suggested in the context of sustainability?

<p>Animals and the earth also deserve moral consideration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assumption about economic growth in relation to welfare?

<p>Access to more goods and services improves welfare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do economists focus on production when measuring welfare?

<p>It is easier to measure than happiness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between economic sectors?

<p>Interactions among sectors shape the economy’s overall output. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do economists face when trying to estimate total welfare?

<p>Individual preferences are too varied and complex. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do consumers indicate their satisfaction or improvement in welfare?

<p>By purchasing goods and services. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a flaw in the measure of welfare based on production?

<p>It ignores non-material factors affecting well-being. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sectors is NOT typically analyzed in the context of economic production?

<p>Social justice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary to understand the overall economic well-being of a region or nation?

<p>Assessing the total exchanges of all firms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are inequalities connected to social and moral issues?

<p>They are the result of exploitive histories such as slavery and colonialism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event marked the beginning of significant global development discussions?

<p>The end of World War II. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of understanding global development?

<p>It involves grasping issues at a global scale beyond naive understanding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influence did the Cold War have on development theory?

<p>It caused conflicts to manifest as struggles in less industrialized nations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organizations were created post-World War II to address global inequalities?

<p>United Nations, World Bank, and International Monetary Fund. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sparked the debate over economic growth in impoverished regions?

<p>The disparities between industrialized and less-industrialized nations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two primary competing views regarding capital growth and welfare improvement?

<p>Government intervention versus private investments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ideological tensions significantly shaped development theory during the Cold War?

<p>Between capitalism and socialism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument of strong sustainability regarding natural capital?

<p>Some forms of natural capital are irreplaceable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a consequence of the loss of coastal wetlands?

<p>Higher risks from hurricanes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which view represents a middle-ground stance on sustainability?

<p>The view of Herman Daly on sustainability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do proponents of strong sustainability argue about modern industrialized societies?

<p>They are losing natural capital without realizing it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the strong sustainability perspective view traditional manufacturing practices?

<p>They do not significantly contribute to development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is often overlooked by those who do not think deeply about sustainability?

<p>The differences between weak and strong sustainability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of natural capital, what did the loss of wetlands mean for ecosystem services?

<p>Their absence is acutely felt during disasters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential future scenario regarding recreational and spiritual experiences does the content suggest?

<p>People may eventually learn to do without them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Net Domestic Product (NDP) subtract from Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

<p>Depreciation of manufactured capital (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major issue do proponents of strong sustainability criticize about GDP?

<p>It does not account for depreciation of human capital. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term was created to describe the wealth concentration in the top 1 percent of the population in the United States?

<p>One-percenters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Brookings Institution's report, what percentage of the United States' wealth did the top 20 percent hold in 2016?

<p>77 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential alternative to GDP for measuring social welfare according to theorists of sustainable development?

<p>Genuine Progress Indicator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of calculating GDP per capita when assessing economic activity across countries?

<p>It doesn’t reveal wealth distribution within the population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caution did Simon Kuznets advise regarding the interpretation of GDP?

<p>It should not be considered a measure of standard of living. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider population size when comparing GDP across countries?

<p>Smaller countries do not need as much economic activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Economic Growth

The increase in an economy's ability to produce goods and services.

Welfare

A measure of well-being or satisfaction.

Welfare

A general concept describing how well a person or group is doing in life, encompassing health, contentment, meaningful choices, and sense of belonging.

Welfare Measurement Challenge

Difficulty in directly measuring overall societal well-being.

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Development (in terms of welfare)

An increase in the total amount of happiness, satisfaction, or well-being of all people in a group.

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Economic Indicator

A measurable factor used to track economic conditions.

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Goods and Services Purchases

Used as a way to understand the well-being of individuals and an economy.

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Health and Welfare

Health, well-being are factors impacting a person/group's welfare.

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Meaningful Choices

Having control and choices over life's direction is a component of welfare.

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Economic System

A complex network of stocks and flows among various sectors of an economy.

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Group Welfare

Welfare of every member in a particular group.

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Economic Sector

A specific part of an economy, such as agriculture, healthcare, or manufacturing.

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Measuring Welfare

Estimating welfare typically for populations within a political entity like a country or city.

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Economic Well-being

The state of a business or economy based on sales, costs, and other factors.

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Development Impact

Improvement or expansion in group welfare, even with limited people falling behind.

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Welfare and Animals

Arguments exist that the concept of welfare encompasses animals.

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Strong Sustainability

The belief that some natural resources cannot be replaced by other forms of wealth, and that human activity harming those resources will reduce overall welfare.

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Substitutability (in natural resources)

The potential for one type of resource to replace another in economic or social use.

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Weak Sustainability

The belief that substitutes can be found for natural capital. Any loss can be offset by gains elsewhere.

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Coastal Wetlands

Wetlands that provide natural protection from coastal flooding.

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Natural Capital

Natural resources (like wetlands, forests, or clean air) with economic and social value.

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Coastal Flooding

The rising of water levels in coastal and low-lying areas.

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Hurricane Risks (climate change)

Increased likelihood of hurricanes due to a changing climate, impacting coastal areas.

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Levee System

Structures built to prevent flooding in coastal areas.

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Global Development

Applying concepts of sustainable development on a global scale.

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Post-WWII International Organizations

UN, World Bank, and IMF were created to address global inequalities.

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Global Development Challenges

Issues like poverty, resource depletion, and pollution are connected; a systems approach is needed to address them.

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Inequality and Sustainability

Social & moral issues resulting from histories of exploitation link to sustainability problems.

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Systems Approach

A way to understand complex problems by looking at how different parts interact.

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Development Theory

Ideas about how to encourage economic growth and improve the well-being of people in developing countries.

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Cold War Impact

The conflict between the US and the USSR influenced development theory by contrasting approaches to economic growth, like government intervention vs. private investment.

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Industrial vs. Less Industrialized Nations

A major disparity in economic advancement between wealthy, industrialized countries and the "Global South" countries post-WWII.

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Net Domestic Product (NDP)

A measure of economic activity that accounts for depreciation of manufactured capital (buildings and machinery), but not social or natural capital.

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GDP per capita

A way to compare economic output between countries with varying populations.

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GDP measurement flaw

GDP, even adjusted for population, doesn't show how wealth (and welfare) is distributed within a country.

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"one-percenters"

A term referring to the extremely wealthy top 1% of a population, highlighting wealth concentration.

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Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)

An alternative measure of social welfare that attempts to account for factors like pollution and inequality, not just economic output.

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Simon Kuznets

The economist who developed the method for calculating GDP, but cautioned against using it as a measure of societal well-being.

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Wealth Inequality

The unequal distribution of wealth within a population. A high measure indicates uneven wealth distribution.

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Sustainable Development Debate

A discussion about whether economic growth, as measured by GDP or similar metrics, truly reflects progress towards sustainable solutions.

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Social Sustainability

Maintaining social practices and traditions, and biodiversity while not prioritising only human welfare.

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Sustainability vs. Development

Not all believe continuous growth defines sustainability. A broader perspective on sustainability is needed.

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Welfare and Sustainability

Sustainability considers how social systems and the environment affect human and animal welfare, even if total welfare goes up.

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Alternative Sustainability Views

Some view sustainability outside of simply improving human well-being. This includes respecting animals or the planet itself.

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Presuming Sustainability as Development

Focusing only on development hinders a thorough understanding of sustainability, potentially leading to worse overall outcomes.

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Study Notes

Sustainable Development

  • Sustainable development is a complex topic, not simply interchangeable with sustainability
  • Sustainability is a measure of whether a practice or process can continue
  • Development is a process, therefore it's meaningful to assess whether it can continue
  • The 1970s and 1980s saw economists acknowledge that economic growth may be constrained by industry pollution and resource depletion
  • Strong correlation between economic growth and common development measurements highlighted these constraints
  • Sustainable development strategies aim to achieve development goals without impacting environmental limits

What is Development?

  • Development is a multifaceted concept; synonyms include evolution, growth, maturation, expansion, enlargement, spread, and progress
  • Real estate development is a common example: purchasing, improving, and reselling land or buildings for profit
  • Development is often focused on an increase in the overall value of an asset, particularly for society as a whole, not just profit for individuals
  • Development is important, but also requires considerations beyond monetary gains, and should consider quality of life
  • Improvements in life quality are important considerations for development

What is Welfare?

  • Welfare is a broader concept related to well-being and how well a person or group is faring in life
  • It encompasses factors such as health, vitality, vigor, disease, and disability, and measures of contentment, happiness and satisfaction
  • A sense of belonging to a community or affinity group and the absence of alienation and loneliness are considered aspects of welfare
  • Extreme or absolute poverty is defined as less than $1.90 per day
  • Wealth and poverty are significant to welfare, and impact societal concepts of well-being

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Related Documents

Sustainable Development Chapter 5 PDF

Description

This quiz delves into the complexities of sustainable development and how it contrasts with sustainability. It explores the historical context of economic growth's environmental impacts and examines the strategies for achieving development goals within environmental limits. Test your understanding of these essential concepts!

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