Sustainability and Climate Change Initiatives

Refers to where people live on Earth. It's uneven, with densely populated areas having high concentrations of people and sparsely populated areas having fewer inhabitants.

Human capital, the skills, knowledge, and abilities of people, is a vital resource for economic growth and development.

Measures how quickly a population is growing or declining by comparing birth rates and death rates. It indicates the overall change in population.

Measures the number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year old. It reflects the overall health and quality of life in a society.

The average number of children born per woman during her childbearing years. It can indicate population growth potential over time.

Large metropolitan areas with a population of over 10 million people. They are often characterized by advanced infrastructure and a strong economy with a focus on service industries.

People move from rural areas to urban areas in search of a better life, often driven by factors like poverty and limited opportunities.

The composition of a population based on factors like age, gender, and socioeconomic status. It impacts how societies function.

The second largest river in Africa flowing into the Indian Ocean, after the Zambezi River. It's known for its length (1,750 km), drainage basin (415,000 km²), and significant mining activity within its basin.

The Limpopo River is crucial for its role in the ecosystem, serving as a boundary between countries, and supporting a diverse range of flora and fauna. However, mining activity poses a significant environmental threat to the river.

The highest mountain in Africa, located in Tanzania, Mount Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcano formed by three cones: Kibo, Mawenzi, and Shira. Its snow-capped peak is iconic and faces rapid melting due to climate change.

Mount Kilimanjaro is a diverse ecosystem, home to a wide range of flora and fauna, including buffalo, leopard, Abbott's duiker, bamboo forests, fig trees, and various flower species. It is also a vital source of water for agriculture and local communities.

Mount Kilimanjaro is a popular hiking destination and is featured in literature by notable authors like Hemingway and Kessel. Its rich ecosystem and cultural heritage have led to its designation as a World Heritage Site and a Forest Reserve.

This landscape is characterized by prolonged exposure to the sun, high temperatures (reaching 40°C), and limited rainfall (less than 250 mm per year). These conditions lead to the formation of badlands and support unique species.

A type of landscape characterized by eroded, rugged terrain typically formed in arid or semi-arid regions with soft, easily eroded soil. It's often found in areas with limited vegetation.

Endemism refers to species or organisms that are found only in a specific geographic location and nowhere else in the world. They are uniquely adapted to their unique environments.

The number of people living in a specific area, usually measured as people per square kilometer.

These include both physical factors like natural resources and climate, and human factors like employment opportunities, communication, political stability, and public services.

When people move from less populated rural areas to more populated urban areas, often seeking better job opportunities.

Cities with populations exceeding 10 million people, often experiencing significant population growth due to factors like rural-to-urban migration and high birth rates.

The process of more and more people moving to cities, leading to concentrated population density and infrastructure development.

A population where the proportion of older people is increasing due to longer lifespans and declining birth rates.

A graphical representation of a population's age and gender distribution, showing the shape of the population and its potential for growth or decline.

Designing and managing cities to meet the needs of current and future generations while minimizing environmental impact and ensuring social equity.

A permanent international court that investigates and prosecutes individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.

The treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC), outlining its jurisdiction, principles, and procedures.

A systematic campaign of violence and mass killing targeting civilians in the Darfur region of Sudan, leading to widespread displacement and human rights abuses.

A newly independent country that seceded from Sudan in 2011, following a long struggle for autonomy.

The primary city of a country, often serving as its political, economic, and cultural center.

A list of countries and their respective capital cities within the African continent.

The East African region harbors diverse geographical features including Mount Kilimanjaro, a dormant volcano, and the Limpopo River, the second longest in Africa.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) faced difficulties in enforcing arrest warrants against Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir. Member states like South Africa, Kenya, and Djibouti either cited diplomatic reasons or ignored their obligations under the Rome Statute, highlighting the limitations of the ICC's authority.

The ICC issued arrest warrants for Omar al-Bashir for alleged crimes of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity committed in the Darfur region of Sudan. These charges included killing, causing bodily or mental harm, and inflicting conditions designed to destroy specific groups.

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 ended the Second Sudanese Civil War and paved the way for a 2011 referendum on South Sudan's independence. The south voted overwhelmingly for secession, leading to the creation of the world's youngest state.

South Sudan's independence exacerbated Sudan's economic crisis as the country lost a significant portion of its oil revenues. This, combined with corruption and mismanagement, further weakened al-Bashir's regime and sparked protests.

Protests in Sudan, triggered by rising living costs, austerity measures, and economic mismanagement, quickly evolved into a movement against al-Bashir's authoritarian rule. Women played a crucial role, leading to al-Bashir's ouster in a military coup after 30 years in power.

After his removal from power, al-Bashir was charged domestically with corruption and illicit enrichment, resulting in a two-year prison sentence. However, his trial for genocide and crimes against humanity was delayed due to political instability and the COVID-19 pandemic.

In case of non-compliance with the ICC's decisions, the court can refer the case to the UN Security Council, which, under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, can impose sanctions against the non-compliant state.

Sudan faced a period of political instability following al-Bashir's fall. This instability, along with the COVID-19 pandemic, hampered efforts to hold al-Bashir accountable for the crimes he was accused of.