Survivorship Curves and Population Growth Patterns
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Questions and Answers

What does a life table record?

  • Weather patterns
  • Birth and death rates for organisms at different life stages (correct)
  • Population density changes
  • Growth of vegetation
  • What is the main purpose of a life table?

  • To analyze survivorship probabilities and vulnerable ages (correct)
  • To measure population density
  • To predict weather patterns
  • To track individual gene pools
  • How is the rate of mortality calculated using a life table?

  • By measuring total area occupied by the population
  • By dividing the number of deaths by the observed number of births alive (correct)
  • By counting the total number of individuals in the population
  • By analyzing gene pools
  • What does 'QX' represent in the context of a life table?

    <p>Number of dying individuals within an age interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can life tables be used in predicting population dynamics?

    <p>By determining survivorship probabilities and mortality rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information does a life table provide about a population?

    <p>Survival and mortality rates at different ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a life table, what does 'dx' represent?

    <p>'Number of dying within an age interval'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study provided more powerful means for analysis of organisms?

    <p>Deductive study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which centuries were organisms collected, cataloged, and studied in different environments?

    <p>16th and 17th</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who published the theory of evolution in the 18th and 19th centuries?

    <p>Darwin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the emergence of ecosystems in the 20th century?

    <p>Ecology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of worldview shifted from mechanistic to holistic/ecological?

    <p>Systemic worldview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientific approaches emphasized parts and reductionism?

    <p>Reductionist approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which framework focuses on controlling conditions for maximizing gains?

    <p>Mechanistic framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has led to significant increases in available energy beyond biological sources?

    <p>Coal, petroleum, and electricity usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is efficient in bringing desired outcomes but can lead to unforeseen consequences?

    <p>Analytical approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Population Dynamics

    • A population is a group of individuals of the same species, occupying a particular space at the same time, sharing the same gene pool.
    • Population dynamics is the study of the dynamics of species populations and how they interact with the environment.

    Survivorship Curve

    • A graphical presentation of survivors of a life table.
    • Obtained by plotting the population of survivors of a particular age cohort.
    • Types of survivorship curves:
      • Rapid growth (wide base and thin top): More people die at each higher age level. Higher birth rate and death rate. (Developing country)
      • Slow growth (stable populations): High life expectancy. (US)
      • Zero growth (unchanging rate of birth and death): No growth or decline. (Canada)
      • Negative growth (graying population): Higher proportion of older individuals and fewer young individuals. (Germany, Japan)

    Age Structure and Sex Ratio Pyramid

    • A graphical representation of a population at a specific moment in time.
    • Clustered according to age and sex categories.
    • Density = (B - D) + (I - E), where B is natality, D is mortality, I is immigration, and E is emigration.

    Population Growth

    • Modeling population dynamics helps quantify change and predict future changes.
    • Relies on the biotic potential of individuals in the population.
    • Population growth can be affected by demographic factors such as birth, death, immigration, and emigration.

    Sex Change

    • Sequential hermaphroditism: Organisms undergo sex reversal. (e.g., fish, oysters)
      • Protandrous: Born male, eventually become female.
      • Protogynous: Born female, eventually become male.
    • Cause of sex change: Reach 80% of maximum body size and social factors (removal of males).

    Sexual Reproduction

    • An innate characteristic of animals to pass on genes and promote variability and avoid extinction.
    • Dioecious: Male and female found in separate organisms.
    • Social insects: Efficient in gathering food, assume roles, and follow rules. Eusociality: Reproductive division of labor among members.

    Demography

    • The study of vital statistics of population and how they change over time.
    • Demographic factors influence population size: birth, death, immigration, and emigration.

    Logistic Equation

    • dN/dt = rN(1 - N/K), where N is population size, r is intrinsic rate of increase, and K is carrying capacity.
    • Describes the growth of a population over time, considering the carrying capacity of the environment.

    Applications of Population Ecology

    • Conservation of diverse plants and animals.
    • Control of noxious pests, including viruses, parasites, and pathogens.

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    Description

    Explore survivorship curves and different population growth patterns such as rapid growth, slow growth, zero growth, and negative growth. Understand the characteristics of each curve and their implications on population structure.

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