Experimental Psych_chapter 4

It obtains data about opinions, attitudes, preferences and behaviors using questionnaire or interviews

It allows researchers to study experiences, feelings, thoughts, and motives that cannot be directly observed

What are the advantages of the survey approach?

What is the most important limitation of the survey approach?

What are the major steps in constructing surveys?

You're interested in creating a survey that measures the attitudes of psychology students toward animal research in psychology. Aspects of animal research may include : animal rights, animal welfare, benefits to humanity, etc..

(structured questions) can be answered using a limited number of alternatives and have a high imposition of units. For example: "How many songs did you download this month?" "How many siblings do you have?"

Require that participants respond with more than a yes or 1-10 rating and have a low imposition of units. Example: "why did you choose your major?","what are your feelings about animal rights?"

Open-ended questions can be analyzed using _______, in which response are assigned to categories using objective rules. It identifies recurring patterns, themes, words, ideas or concepts

What are three concerns when constructing questions?

It classifies response items into two or more distinct categories, but does not measure their magnitude. It is purely descriptive and for categorization and it is the lowest level of measurement.

These are examples of: city of birth, gender, ethnicity, marital status, political affliation

This measures a rank ordering og response items, but does not assign precise values

It measures magnitude; has equal intervals between values with no absolute zero point

It refers to the difference between any two adjacent values on the scale is the same throughout the entire scale

It is commonly used to measure attitudes and opinions. The intervals between the numbers are assumed to be equal, so the difference between a rating of 2 and 3 is the same as the difference between a rating 4 and 5.

It measures magnitude: has equal intervals between values and an absolute zero. Examples are height, weight, time

Lesser scales

Higher scale

What should you consider when creating survey items?

Avoid ________. Dont word the questions in a way gat would make a positive or negative response seems embarrassing.

These are the tendencies to respond to questions or test items without regard to their actual wording.

It is the tendency to guess or omit items when unsure.

It is selecting an answer based on its position. For example, student choosing "c" on multiple choice exam

It refers to agreeing with an item regardless of its manifest content

It refers to disagreeing with an item regardless of its manifest content

It is the plain meaning of the words printed on the page.

These are changes in question interpretation due to their position within a survey.

This problem is especially likely when two questions are related and not separated by buffer items (unrelated questions)

It is representing oneself in a socially appropriate fashion when responding to a questions latent content (underlying meaning)

One of the best ways to gather ________is to conduct face to face interviews but its the most expensive method for collecting survey data

It must be thoroughly trained in interviewing skills and techniques

Questions are asked the same way each time. It provided more usable, quantifiable data.

The interviewer cab explore interesting topics as get arise. These data may not be usable for content analysis or statistics

It consists of all people, animals ,or objects that share at least one character

It is a subset of the population of interest (the population we are studying)

One of the most crucial issue when conducting survey research , deciding who the subjects will be and then selecting them

Data collected from samples can be used to draw inferences about a population without examining all its members

How accurately we can generalize our findings from a given sample to a population depends on this

How closely sample responses reflect those we would obtain if we could sample the population

Selecting subjects in a way that the likelihood of their being in a study are known or can be canculated

It means that any member of the population has an equal opportunity to be selected

It is the most basic form if probability sampling and a portion of the whole population is selected in an unbiased way. It can be drawing from a hat or random number method

Refers to selecting every nth person from the population. "N" is determined by the size of the population and the desired sample size

When the population contains distinct subgroups. Randomly sampling from people in each subgroup in the sane proportions as they exist in the population

When the population of interest is very large, it is often too costly or impractical to randomly select subjects one by one. In such cases, researchers may use _____

This sampling naturally occuring groups that exist within the population. Whole groups of people are randomly selected rather than individuals

It is the likelihood of being a participant lacks a definite plan or the likelihood of being a participant is not equal to all members of a population

Selecting samples through predetermined quotas intended to reflect the makeup of the population. Samples can reflect the proportions of important subgroups, but the individuals are not selected at random

Using any group that happens to be available

This samples are selected because the individuals reflect a specific purpose of the study.

When a researchers locate one or a few people who fit the same criterion and asks these people to locate or lead then to additional individuals.

Useful for sampling very small, uncommon, or unique populations, or when researchers do not know who the population members are or how to contact them