Surveying: Planimetric and Topographic Surveying
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Questions and Answers

What is surveying?

Surveying is the process of obtaining physical features of land and objects accurately and recording them in a map.

What is terrestrial surveying?

Terrestrial surveying is the process of obtaining physical measurements from the ground for land or objects, such as length, angle, or height.

Which units are widely used for measurements in surveying?

  • Millimeter, Meter, Kilometer (correct)
  • Centimeter, Decimeter, Hectometer
  • Inch, Foot, Mile
  • Milligram, Gram, Kilogram

    • What are the units of area and volume used in surveying?

    <p>Units of area include square meter and hectare, while units of volume include cubic meter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graphical scale in surveying can be represented as linear or transverse.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three principles used to determine the position of an object with respect to a base line?

    <p>offsets, ties, radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between face left (FL) and face right (FR) arc measurements for the same angle?

    <p>180 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reading system of measured angles may be changed from set to another as shown in the ____.

    <p>figure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is traversing?

    <p>Traversing is the basic method for determining horizontal coordinates of interested points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Offests, ties, and radiation are three methods used to determine the position of objects in surveying.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a closed traverse?

    <p>A traverse that starts and ends at points with known coordinates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The azimuth of a traverse line is calculated using a compass.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a traverse, the allowable misclosure is calculated using a multiplication factor of 1 to 3 depending on _______ condition.

    <p>weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the adjustment method with its calculation formula:

    <p>Bowditch Method = ∆E or ∆N = -e difference of used traverse line length Transit Method = ∆E(∆N) of used traverse line Equal Method = -e or -e / n for each traverse line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by levelling in surveying?

    <p>Levelling is the process of measuring the difference in elevation between two or more points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a term used in levelling?

    <p>Datum Surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The line of collimation in a surveying telescope is the line joining the object lens to the eye lens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A levelling rod, also known as a staff, is typically ____ meters long.

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following levelling terms with their definitions:

    <p>Back Sight (BS) = First staff reading on a point of known elevation Change Point (CP) = Last staff reading just before shifting the instrument Height of Instrument (HI) = Elevation of the plane of collimation when the instrument is levelled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the temporary check in the rise and fall method for reduced level calculations?

    <p>∑ (BS) - ∑ (FS) = ∑ (RISES) - ∑ (FALLS) = LAST RL – FIRST RL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the accuracy check in reduced level calculations?

    <p>To apply adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the height of instrument method, the accuracy check needs to be applied if the reduced level of the last point in the project is _____.

    <p>TBM2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reciprocal levelling is used to find the true difference in elevation between two points that are close together.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the levelling techniques with their descriptions:

    <p>Inverted Staff = Used for underside surfaces like bridges Reciprocal Levelling = Finds elevation difference between points with a wide gap Longitudinal Levelling = Performed along a line for road construction Grid Levelling = Used for terrain topography in an area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is distance measured when it is greater than the tape length?

    <p>Indirectly over many steps using ranging rods to identify start and last points A and B, with two persons involved (leader and follower).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for slope correction when the slope angle is known?

    <p>𝐷=𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the tension correction calculated during taping?

    <p>Using the formula: = applied tension / standard tension * cross-sectional area of used tape / modulus of elasticity of used tape material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What correction addresses the change in length due to temperature variations in taping?

    <p>Temperature correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What correction is applied when the tape sags under its own weight?

    <p>Sag (Catenary) Correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precision is required for taping processes involved in setting out sewer pipelines?

    <p>1in 5000 to 1 in 10000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common units used for expressing angles in surveying?

    <p>Degrees, minutes, and seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between forward bearing (FB) and backward bearing (BB) in Compass measurements?

    <p>The measured angle from the start point is called forward bearing (FB) and from the end point is called backward bearing (BB).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of theodolites based on reading systems?

    <p>Micro optical and digital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method can be used to calculate the volume of quantities enclosed by two cross sections with a given horizontal distance between them?

    <p>End Areas Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used for calculating total volume when the horizontal distances between the given areas are equal in the prismoidal formula?

    <p>V = [A1 + An + 4Σ even areas + 2Σ Remaining odd areas]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used when calculating the volume of quantities that are used for leveling an area to a certain height?

    <p>Volumes from Spot Heights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In general, the volume is calculated as the area of the base multiplied by the average height of the ________.

    <p>vertices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the procedure used to obtain horizontal distance and difference in elevation by indirect method in surveying?

    <p>Tacheometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle of stadia measurements states that the parallactic angle remains fixed while the staff intercept varies with distance?

    <p>Parallactic angle principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area of a traverse that has three vertices (A, B, and C) can be calculated using the coordinates of its vertices by ___ method.

    <p>Area from Coordinates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Simpson's rule assumes that the irregular line between any two offsets is assumed to be a straight line.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used for calculating the area of a closed traverse using the coordinates of its vertices?

    <p>Area from Coordinates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For road construction, what does the shape of a cross section depend on?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Outline

    • The course outline for Terrestrial Surveying and Planimetric Surveying includes 8 chapters:
      • Chapter 1: Surveying
      • Chapter 2: Linear Measurements
      • Chapter 3: Angular Measurements
      • Chapter 4: Detail Surveying and Plotting
      • Chapter 5: Traversing
      • Chapter 6: Levelling
      • Chapter 7: Stadia Tacheometry
      • Chapter 8: Areas and Quantities

    Chapter 1: Surveying

    • Surveying is the process of obtaining physical features of land and objects accurately and recording them in a map.
    • Physical features include measurements such as dimensions, coordinates, and levels.
    • Objects can be on or off terrain.
    • Terrestrial surveying involves executing the surveying process from the ground to obtain data related to the land or objects.
    • Terrestrial surveying processes are used to get physical measurements from the ground, such as length, angle, or height.

    Units of Measured Quantities

    • Measurements are recorded in units that depend on the type of measured quantity.
    • The System International (SI) units are widely used.
    • Units of length:
      • Millimeter (mm)
      • Meter (m)
      • Kilometer (km)
    • Units of area:
      • Square meter (m²)
      • Hectar (ha)
    • Units of volume:
      • Cubic meter (m³)
    • Units of angle:
      • Radian (rad)
      • Degree (°)
      • Minutes (')
      • Seconds (")
      • Gon (g)

    Scale of Plan

    • Terrain features are represented on a map with a specific scale to get their spatial properties.
    • The scale value indicates the ratio between the distance on a map and its ground distance on the terrain.
    • The scale depends on the type and use of the map.
    • Scale can be shown numerically or graphically.
    • Numerical scale is written as a ratio between distances, such as 1:50, 1:100, or 1:1000.
    • Graphical scale is drawn in linear or transverse (diagonal) representation.

    Maps

    • Maps are the main output of surveying work.
    • Maps are a representation of terrain features.
    • The type and scale of the map depend on its use, such as:
      • Terrain topography needs contour maps.
      • City development needs large-scale and detailed maps.
      • Reconnaissance needs contour and detailed maps.

    Chapter 2: Distance Measurements

    • There are three main types of distances used in surveying work: slope, horizontal, and vertical distances.
    • Distance can be measured either by direct or indirect methods.
    • Direct methods use measuring tools, such as tapes.
    • Indirect methods use optical or electronic equipment, such as total stations or EDM.

    Distance Measurement Types

    • Taping is a direct technique of determining distances by using tapes.
    • There are many types of tapes based on their graduations, such as in feet or meters.
    • Tape length varies from 5m to 50m.
    • There are many types of tapes based on their materials, such as steel, rubber, or cloth tapes.
    • Steel tape is commonly used in surveying works because there are mathematical formulas for correcting its measurements against different conditions, such as tension, temperature, and sag.

    Taping Field Work

    • First case: Distance less than or equal to tape length.
      • It can be measured directly as shown in the figure.### Types of Theodolites
    • Theodolites can be classified according to their accuracy
    • The reading system of measured angles can be changed from one set to another

    Components of Theodolite

    • The vertical circle has to follow the telescope when measuring angles
    • Angle measured from left to right is called face left (FL) arc
    • Angle measured from right to left is called face right (FR) arc

    Angle Measurement

    • The difference between FL and FR measurements for the same angle has to be 180o
    • If the difference is not equal to 180o, the instrument angles have to be repeated and checked again
    • If the error still exists, the instrument has to be calibrated

    Detail Surveying and Plotting

    Introduction

    • A construction project is designed on a production plane of the area of interest
    • The plane of study area has to contain all existing objects (boundaries, buildings, green areas, etc.)
    • Object information (dimensions and positions) can be determined using length and/or orientation tools

    Tools Used

    • Length tool as tape is used to get its dimensions
    • Orientation tool (theodolite) is used to get the location of objects with respect to each other
    • Tape can be used to get object dimensions and determine the relations between positions of objects
    • Objects positions can be determined directly using positioning system as Global Positioning System (GPS) or total station

    Base Line on Site and Field Book

    • The first step is to identify a base line on site
    • Measurement starts from this line to the first object
    • Draw a base line as two parallel lines in the field book with 5 mm separation
    • Objects located in the right of this line on site are drawn in the right line in the field book
    • Objects located in the left of this line on site are drawn in the left line in the field book

    Object Position Determination

    • Position of object with respect to a base line can be determined using one of the three principles (offsets, ties, radiation)
    • Offsets is the measure of perpendicular distances between object corners and a base line
    • Ties are the measurements of each object corner from two different identified points on a base line
    • Radiation is a measurement of distance of object corner from one point on a base line and angle between the direction of measured distance and a base line

    Surveying Details

    • The following table lists the details that have to be surveyed in the produced plan and their symbols
    • The produced plane has to be clear for interpreting
    • The plotting scale has to be suitable with paper size to be able to see details clearly

    Plotting Paper

    • Classification of use paper in producing surveying plans
    • A0, A1, A2, A3, A4 sheet sizes and their equivalent roll widths

    Final Surveying Plan

    • Surveying plan has to have the following data:

      • Surveying plan
      • Drawing name
      • North direction
      • Owner
      • Legend
      • Units of dimension
      • Scale
      • Date
      • Project name
      • Engineers names
      • Surveying crew names### Traversing

    • Traversing is a fundamental method for determining the horizontal coordinates of interested points.

    • It is a calculation process that involves a combination of linear and angular measurements.

    • Traversing is considered a basic method of control survey that builds a horizontal network.

    Types of Traverse

    • A traverse is a shape composed of linked lines.
    • There are four types of traverses:
      • Closed traverse: starts from a point with known coordinates and ends at another point with known coordinates.
      • Link traverse: starts from a point with known coordinates and ends at a point with different known coordinates.
      • Polygon traverse: starts from a point with known coordinates and ends at the same point.
      • Open traverse: starts from a point with known coordinates and ends at a point with unknown coordinates.

    Traverse Field Work

    • The first step in traversing is reconnaissance of the study area.
    • The reconnaissance is useful for choosing station positions.
    • Each station has to be marked with a temporary or fixed mark, depending on its use later in the project.
    • A label sheet is prepared for each station, showing its position with respect to the surroundings.
    • Angles between stations are measured using a theodolite or compass.
    • Distances of all traverse lines are measured using an EDM or tapes.
    • The azimuth of one line has to be determined with respect to the north direction using a theodolite or compass.

    Adjustment of Measurements

    • Polygon traverse angles have to fulfill the following formula for theoretical value: ∑α = (n-2) × 180°, where n is the number of traverse angles.
    • Link traverse angles have to fulfill the following formula for theoretical value: α = (n-1) × 180°, where n is the number of angles between the initial back bearing and the final forward bearing.
    • The error can be determined as a difference between the summation of measured angles and the theoretical values.
    • The error has to be less than or equal to the allowable misclosure to be able to adjust the measured angles.

    Azimuth of Traverse Line

    • The azimuth of a traverse line is calculated as follows: ℬ = ℬ + α, where ℬ is the initial azimuth, and α is the measured angle.

    Coordinate Differences

    • The differences in coordinates in easting and northing directions (ΔE, ΔN) are calculated as follows: ΔE = L × sin(α), ΔN = L × cos(α), where L is the length of the line, and α is the azimuth of the line.

    Traverse Misclosure and Adjustment

    • The summation of differences in coordinates for all vertices in the same direction has to be zero.
    • If not, the summation of differences in coordinates is considered as part of the closing error.
    • The traverse misclosure is calculated as follows: ΔE = ∑ΔE, ΔN = ∑ΔN.
    • The accuracy of the traverse is calculated as follows: Accuracy = √(ΔE² + ΔN²) / total length of traverse lines.
    • There are three methods to adjust the traverse misclosure:
      • Bowditch method: used to calculate the value of adjustment.
      • Transit method: used to calculate the value of adjustment.
      • Equal method: used to calculate the value of adjustment, where the error is distributed equally among all lines.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of surveying, including linear and angular measurements, and detail surveying and plotting. It is based on the lecture notes of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cons. Eng. Hassan ElHifnawy.

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