Surveying Fundamentals and Instruments
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best defines surveying?

  • The art of determining positions on or near the earth's surface through measurements of distance, direction, and elevation. (correct)
  • The science of constructing buildings.
  • The art of drawing maps without measurements.
  • The process of measuring only horizontal distances.

Plane surveying is best described as:

  • Surveying that focuses solely on elevation.
  • Surveying that uses satellites exclusively.
  • Surveying that considers the Earth as a curved surface over large distances.
  • Surveying that assumes the Earth is flat for small areas where curvature is negligible. (correct)

Geodetic surveying differs from plane surveying in that it:

  • Considers the Earth's curvature in large-scale surveys. (correct)
  • Uses only indirect measurements.
  • Ignores errors and mistakes.
  • Measures only horizontal distances.

The astrolabe was originally used to:

<p>Measure the altitude of stars. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is generally credited with the invention of the telescope—which was later adapted for surveying?

<p>Lippershey (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pair is credited with independently inventing the early transit, a universal surveying instrument?

<p>Young and Draper (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Roman Groma is used primarily to:

<p>Establish right angles using cross arms and plumb lines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A vernier scale in surveying instruments is used to:

<p>Accurately read fractional parts of the smallest division. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chorobates is an instrument designed primarily for:

<p>Establishing a horizontal line using a water-filled groove. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The merchet was historically used to:

<p>Measure time and meridian using a slotted palm leaf and plumb bob. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In surveying, direct measurements involve:

<p>Comparing a quantity with a standard measuring unit directly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indirect measurements are necessary when:

<p>The quantity cannot be measured directly with the instrument. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many meters are there in 1 kilometer?

<p>1,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One meter is equivalent to:

<p>100 centimeters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The SI unit for measuring a plane angle is:

<p>Radian (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sexagesimal system, 1 degree is subdivided into:

<p>60 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about significant figures is correct?

<p>Zeros between nonzero digits are significant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 24.244 rounded to the nearest hundredth?

<p>24.24 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When rounding 26.175 to the nearest hundredth, the correct result is:

<p>26.18 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five common types of field notes in surveying?

<p>Fictional narratives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which piece of information is essential to record in a field notebook?

<p>The official project title or field work name. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Field notes are critical because they:

<p>Serve as the only reliable, permanent record of the survey work. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a survey party, the Chief of Party is responsible for:

<p>Overall direction, supervision, and logistical management of the survey. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The instrumentman in a survey party is primarily responsible for:

<p>Operating and setting up surveying instruments accurately. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding measurement errors?

<p>Every observation contains errors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mistake (or blunder) in surveying is best described as:

<p>An inaccuracy resulting from carelessness (e.g., transposing numbers). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a systematic error?

<p>A steel tape calibrated to be 0.02 ft too long. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Accidental (random) errors are characterized by:

<p>Varying in magnitude and direction, tending to cancel out over multiple observations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common source of error in surveying?

<p>Errors from proper calibration of instruments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly differentiates accuracy and precision?

<p>Accuracy is about closeness to the true value; precision is about the consistency of repeated measurements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most probable value (MPV) of a set of measurements is:

<p>The arithmetic mean of the observations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the following distance measurements (in meters): 250.25, 250.15, 249.90, 251.04, 250.50, 249.98, and 251.22, the MPV is approximately:

<p>250.43 m (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Surveying

The art of determining positions on or near the earth's surface through measurements of distance, direction, and elevation.

Plane Surveying

Surveying that assumes the Earth is flat for small areas where curvature is negligible.

Geodetic Surveying

A type of surveying that considers the Earth's curvature in large-scale surveys.

Astrolabe

An instrument originally used to measure the altitude of stars.

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Telescope Inventor

Galileo is generally credited with the invention of the telescope, which was later adapted for surveying.

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Early Transit

An instrument independently invented by Lippershey and Galileo for surveying.

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Roman Groma

An instrument primarily used to establish right angles using cross arms and plumb lines.

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Vernier Scale

Used in surveying instruments to accurately read fractional parts of the smallest division.

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Chorobates

An instrument designed to establish a horizontal line using a water-filled groove.

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Field Notes Importance

Field notes serve as the only reliable, permanent record of survey work.

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Chief of Party Role

Responsible for overall direction, supervision, and logistical management of the survey.

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Indirect Measurements

Necessary when the quantity cannot be measured directly with the instrument.

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Units in Kilometers

1 kilometer is equivalent to 1,000 meters.

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SI Unit for Angle

The SI unit for measuring a plane angle is the radian.

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Rounding Rule

When rounding numbers, look at the digit to the right to decide that last digit's value.

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Significant Figures

Zeros between nonzero digits are significant and count in measurements.

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Measurement Error Definition

Error in surveying is defined by the formula E=X−Xtrue, where X is the measurement, and Xtrue is the true value.

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Systematic Errors

These are consistent errors that repeat in the same way due to instruments or methods.

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Accidental Errors

Random errors that vary in magnitude and direction but tend to cancel out over many observations.

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Accuracy vs Precision

Accuracy refers to closeness to the true value; precision refers to consistency of repeated measurements.

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Most Probable Value (MPV)

The arithmetic mean of a set of measurements, representing the most likely value.

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Standard Error Definition

The standard error is the standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of observations.

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Discrepancy in Angles

Discrepancy occurs when the observed angles do not sum to what they're supposed to, needing correction.

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Statistical Measures

Include various calculations like mean, standard deviation, and errors to understand measurement reliability.

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Error Assumptions

All significant errors generally assume small errors are more frequent than large ones.

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Survey Party Roles

Specific duties in a survey party ensure efficient workflow and accurate measurement.

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Measurement Techniques

In surveying, both direct and indirect measurement techniques are used based on the requirement.

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Field Notes Types

Common types of field notes include sketches, tabulations, and computations, but not fictional narratives.

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Survey Instruments Evolution

Instruments have evolved from ancient tools like the astrolabe to modern electronic devices.

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Surveying Errors Types

Errors in surveying can be systematic or random, each needing different approaches to correct.

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Study Notes

Section 1: Fundamentals of Surveying

  • Surveying is the art of determining positions on or near the Earth's surface using measurements of distance, direction, and elevation.
  • Plane surveying assumes the Earth is flat for small areas where curvature is negligible.
  • Geodetic surveying considers the Earth's curvature for large-scale surveys.

Section 2: Surveying Instruments

  • The astrolabe was originally used to measure the altitude of stars.
  • Galileo is credited with inventing the telescope, later adapted for surveying.
  • Lippershey and/or Hipparchus are credited with independently inventing the early transit surveying instrument.
  • The Roman Groma was primarily used to determine distances by proportional arms.

Section 3: Measurements, Units, and Rounding

  • Direct measurements involve comparing a quantity to a standard measuring unit.
  • Indirect measurements are necessary when the quantity can not be measured directly with the measuring instrument.
  • 1 kilometer equals 1000 meters.
  • 1 meter equals 100 centimeters.

Section 4: Field Notes and Survey Party Roles

  • Common field note types include sketches, tabulations, computations, and recordings of survey-related information.
  • Field notes are important for a permanent, reliable record of survey work.

Section 5: Theories of Errors and Mistakes

  • Error in surveying is defined as E = Xtrue - X.
  • Every observation contains errors.
  • Mistakes (blunders) in surveying are due to carelessness.
  • Systematic errors repeat and accidental errors vary in magnitude and direction.

Section 6: Statistical Measures in Surveying

  • The probable error of a single measurement is ±0.6745 times the standard deviation.
  • The standard error in surveys is the standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of observations.
  • The most probable value (MPV) is the arithmetic mean of observed values.
  • Measurement errors assumptions include that small errors are more frequent than large ones, positive and negative errors of the same magnitude are equally probable.

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Description

Explore surveying principles, including plane and geodetic methods. Learn about historical surveying instruments like the astrolabe and Groma. Understand units, measurements and rounding in surveying practices.

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