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Questions and Answers
What is the primary benefit of using mail surveys?
What is the primary benefit of using mail surveys?
Which survey method is most effective for real-time data collection?
Which survey method is most effective for real-time data collection?
What is a significant drawback of mail surveys?
What is a significant drawback of mail surveys?
What should you consider to communicate effectively in writing?
What should you consider to communicate effectively in writing?
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Among the survey techniques, which one has the advantage of reaching a broad audience quickly at low cost?
Among the survey techniques, which one has the advantage of reaching a broad audience quickly at low cost?
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Which factor is NOT emphasized as important for good communication?
Which factor is NOT emphasized as important for good communication?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of phone surveys?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of phone surveys?
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What is the primary benefit of using tables in written reports?
What is the primary benefit of using tables in written reports?
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What is one of the primary concerns regarding data collected from phone surveys?
What is one of the primary concerns regarding data collected from phone surveys?
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What essential part of the table helps clarify its contents?
What essential part of the table helps clarify its contents?
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What is a recommended way to number tables in a report?
What is a recommended way to number tables in a report?
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How do online surveys facilitate data collection?
How do online surveys facilitate data collection?
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What distinguishes secondary data from primary data?
What distinguishes secondary data from primary data?
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When revising a report, what is an advantage of numbering tables based on chapter number?
When revising a report, what is an advantage of numbering tables based on chapter number?
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What role does language clarity play in writing?
What role does language clarity play in writing?
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Which aspect of table structure is important for its use in reports?
Which aspect of table structure is important for its use in reports?
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What is the primary purpose of data analysis in research?
What is the primary purpose of data analysis in research?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of minimizing data collection problems?
Which of the following is NOT a method of minimizing data collection problems?
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Which statement about coding data is true?
Which statement about coding data is true?
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What is included in descriptive analysis?
What is included in descriptive analysis?
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Which of the following best describes the measures of central tendency?
Which of the following best describes the measures of central tendency?
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Which process does NOT typically occur as part of data analysis?
Which process does NOT typically occur as part of data analysis?
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What is a key concern when recalling a respondent's answers during interviews?
What is a key concern when recalling a respondent's answers during interviews?
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What is required when confirming or ascertaining answers from respondents?
What is required when confirming or ascertaining answers from respondents?
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What is the primary purpose of the stub in a table?
What is the primary purpose of the stub in a table?
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In a bivariate table, what typically appears in the column headings?
In a bivariate table, what typically appears in the column headings?
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What is a primary benefit of conducting in-person surveys?
What is a primary benefit of conducting in-person surveys?
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Which type of table contains information about only one variable?
Which type of table contains information about only one variable?
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Which component of a table is used to provide additional context or explanations?
Which component of a table is used to provide additional context or explanations?
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Which type of survey involves using a combination of both online and in-person methods?
Which type of survey involves using a combination of both online and in-person methods?
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What is considered a limitation of in-person surveys?
What is considered a limitation of in-person surveys?
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Which type of table would you use to analyze the relationship between three or more variables?
Which type of table would you use to analyze the relationship between three or more variables?
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In what section of a table would you typically find source notes?
In what section of a table would you typically find source notes?
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Which of the following is classified as secondary data collection?
Which of the following is classified as secondary data collection?
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Which of these descriptions best characterizes the body of a table?
Which of these descriptions best characterizes the body of a table?
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What does validity refer to in data collection?
What does validity refer to in data collection?
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What is the appropriate order for identifying variables in a title when describing a table?
What is the appropriate order for identifying variables in a title when describing a table?
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Which of the following could affect the reliability of data collected?
Which of the following could affect the reliability of data collected?
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What is a common source for secondary data collection from governmental sources?
What is a common source for secondary data collection from governmental sources?
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Which of the following is a potential concern when using mixed-mode surveys?
Which of the following is a potential concern when using mixed-mode surveys?
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Study Notes
Secondary Data
- Secondary data refers to data that has been previously collected by others for various research purposes.
- It is accessible through sources like books, journals, archives, repositories, and databases.
Primary Data Collection Techniques
- Surveys are a primary method for gathering data directly from respondents.
Survey Techniques
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Mail Surveys
- Questionnaires sent to a representative sample via mail.
- Advantages: Reaches a wide audience and allows respondents time to think.
- Disadvantages: Often low response rates and potential quality issues from incomplete or erroneous answers.
-
Phone Surveys
- Conducted via telephone using pre-programmed systems or trained interviewers.
- Advantages: Quick collection of data from a large number of individuals and real-time analysis.
- Disadvantages: May have lower response rates and concerns about data reliability.
-
Online Surveys
- Surveys administered through online platforms like email, social media, or web services.
- Advantages: Cost-effective, rapid reach to diverse demographics, and real-time data collection.
- Disadvantages: Questions about sample representativeness and higher likelihood of incomplete responses.
-
In-Person Surveys
- Involves direct interaction with respondents through interviews or self-completed questionnaires.
- Advantages: High response rates and opportunity for in-depth responses.
- Disadvantages: Can be time-consuming and expensive; risk of social desirability bias.
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Mixed-Mode Surveys
- Combines different survey methods (e.g., online and in-person) to reach a broader population.
- Advantages: Overcomes limitations of single methods, providing comprehensive samples.
- Disadvantages: Complexity and potential for sample bias.
Secondary Data Collection Techniques
-
Literature Gathering
- Analysis of existing research studies on a specific topic.
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Government Reports
- Publicly available data collected by government agencies, useful as a secondary source.
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Online Databases
- A variety of online sources that provide access to academic journals, government reports, and industry data.
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Social Media and Web Analytics
- Information gathered from online behavior that can serve as secondary data.
Validity and Reliability in Data Collection
- Validity refers to how accurately data reflects the research question.
- Reliability concerns the consistency and stability of the data.
Minimizing Data Issues
- Inferences from related questions can help clarify answers.
- Interviewers may recall respondents' earlier answers for accuracy.
- Follow-ups with respondents can confirm or correct data, albeit expensive and time-consuming.
Data Editing and Coding
- Data can be edited by examining responses to individual questions or across all questions from one respondent.
- Coding is determined by the measurement scale of variables and the communication method of findings.
- Distinction between qualitative and quantitative data is crucial for effective coding.
Data Analysis
- Process of organizing, cleaning, coding, and transforming data for insights.
- Both qualitative and quantitative methods are applied depending on the research question.
Descriptive Analysis
- Summarizes characteristics of data, including mean, median, and standard deviation.
- Measures of central tendency encompass mean, median, and mode.
Table Structure in Data Presentation
- Title: Identifies the table number and describes its contents.
- Stub: Lists variable subcategories on the left side.
- Column Headings: Subcategories listed at the top.
- Body: Contains the analyzed data in cells.
- Supplementary Notes/Footnotes: Explain source and provide additional notes.
Types of Tables
- Univariate Tables: Display one variable’s information (frequency tables).
- Bivariate Tables: Show information on two variables (cross-tabulations).
- Polyvariate Tables: Contain data on more than two variables.
Effective Communication in Research Writing
- Maintain clarity and flow, balancing academic rigor with engaging content.
- Structure writing thematically, integrating findings with literature and proper citations.
- Ensure an attractive layout and comprehension for the intended audience.
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Description
This quiz explores the various methods of data collection, focusing on both primary and secondary data. It highlights different survey techniques such as mail, phone, and online surveys, discussing their advantages and disadvantages. By understanding these methods, learners can enhance their research skills effectively.
