Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the maximum allowed azimuth closure at azimuth check points per station?
What is the maximum allowed azimuth closure at azimuth check points per station?
- 1' 30"
- 2' 0" (correct)
- 1' 0"
- 3' 15"
Which measurement procedure is typically used for vertical control in survey settings?
Which measurement procedure is typically used for vertical control in survey settings?
- Triangulation
- Using GPS
- Geodetic leveling (correct)
- Pacing
What weight is given to the standard error of the mean for azimuth observations?
What weight is given to the standard error of the mean for azimuth observations?
- +1.0"
- +0.60" (correct)
- +3.0"
- +2.0"
For second order traverse stations, which leveling method is recommended?
For second order traverse stations, which leveling method is recommended?
What is the formula used to calculate the accuracy of elevation difference between two benchmarks?
What is the formula used to calculate the accuracy of elevation difference between two benchmarks?
What is the range of spread recommended for azimuth observations during control surveys?
What is the range of spread recommended for azimuth observations during control surveys?
How many measurements of azimuth should be taken across different nights?
How many measurements of azimuth should be taken across different nights?
What does the inter-benchmark distance (L) influence in the accuracy calculation?
What does the inter-benchmark distance (L) influence in the accuracy calculation?
What is one of the primary purposes of conducting country-wide surveys in Nigeria?
What is one of the primary purposes of conducting country-wide surveys in Nigeria?
Which of the following was a reason for the Nigerian government to publish regulations and specifications for surveys?
Which of the following was a reason for the Nigerian government to publish regulations and specifications for surveys?
What is indicated as one of the applications for surveys mentioned in the content?
What is indicated as one of the applications for surveys mentioned in the content?
Which chapter provides an introduction to the general purpose of conducting surveys in Nigeria?
Which chapter provides an introduction to the general purpose of conducting surveys in Nigeria?
What standard is highlighted in the provided list of tables as related to accuracy?
What standard is highlighted in the provided list of tables as related to accuracy?
For which of the following is the reason for surveying NOT mentioned?
For which of the following is the reason for surveying NOT mentioned?
What is the significance of establishing administrative and international boundaries through surveying?
What is the significance of establishing administrative and international boundaries through surveying?
What aspect of surveys is reinforced by the government's publication of regulations?
What aspect of surveys is reinforced by the government's publication of regulations?
What is a key requirement for the location of survey beacons?
What is a key requirement for the location of survey beacons?
Which type of surveys are third class beacons (Type B331) primarily used for?
Which type of surveys are third class beacons (Type B331) primarily used for?
How should the beacons in a network be connected?
How should the beacons in a network be connected?
What is indicated by 'D' in the strength of a triangulation figure?
What is indicated by 'D' in the strength of a triangulation figure?
Which of the following describes a Distance Angle in geodetics?
Which of the following describes a Distance Angle in geodetics?
What is suggested about beacons in terms of their construction and quality?
What is suggested about beacons in terms of their construction and quality?
What factor contributes to the strength of a triangulation figure?
What factor contributes to the strength of a triangulation figure?
What is the implication of observing directions in triangulation?
What is the implication of observing directions in triangulation?
Which theodolite is recommended for latitude and longitude determination in first order surveys?
Which theodolite is recommended for latitude and longitude determination in first order surveys?
What is the maximum permissible collimation error before servicing is required for theodolites?
What is the maximum permissible collimation error before servicing is required for theodolites?
What is the appropriate target marking for precision in surveying?
What is the appropriate target marking for precision in surveying?
How often should EDM instruments be calibrated according to the guidelines?
How often should EDM instruments be calibrated according to the guidelines?
What is the maximum cut-off angle for data points in satellite passes?
What is the maximum cut-off angle for data points in satellite passes?
Which type of targets should be avoided for optimal accuracy in surveying?
Which type of targets should be avoided for optimal accuracy in surveying?
What should be done if the rejected satellite counts exceed a certain threshold during data inspection?
What should be done if the rejected satellite counts exceed a certain threshold during data inspection?
Which is NOT a recommended theodolite for Second Order (Class II) surveys?
Which is NOT a recommended theodolite for Second Order (Class II) surveys?
What should be done regularly to EDM devices and reflectors?
What should be done regularly to EDM devices and reflectors?
Which theodolites are specified for first and second order Trilateration controls?
Which theodolites are specified for first and second order Trilateration controls?
What temperature record is required for Electronic Distance Measurements?
What temperature record is required for Electronic Distance Measurements?
What type of adjustment should be carried out to check for blunders?
What type of adjustment should be carried out to check for blunders?
What must be checked for during the algebraic sum check of misclosures?
What must be checked for during the algebraic sum check of misclosures?
Which correction is only applied for first order leveling?
Which correction is only applied for first order leveling?
What is required for the standard error of elevations computed with a least squares adjustment?
What is required for the standard error of elevations computed with a least squares adjustment?
What types of constants should be applied to measured EDM distances?
What types of constants should be applied to measured EDM distances?
Study Notes
Survey Beacons
- Survey beacons are essential and valuable for all survey work.
- Special attention should be paid to construction, quality and preservation of beacons.
- Beacons can be categorized based on their purpose and type.
- Properties common to all types of beacons include location, observation procedures, and linear measurements.
Beacon Location
- Beacons should be placed on stable ground like rock or solid ground.
- Angles are measured using observational procedures.
- Bearings are controlled by Azimuth observations.
- Azimuth observations should be conducted every 12-15 stations.
- Azimuth closures should not exceed 2".0 per station.
- Standard error should not exceed +0".60.
- Aim for spread not greater than 3".0.
- Beacons should have height measurements through Class II spirit leveling.
- Linear measurements are based on first order standards.
Vertical Control Accuracy
- The accuracy of elevation difference between two benchmarks is calculated using accuracy (i/q).
- The accuracy (i/q) is calculated by dividing the standard error (T) in millimeters by the square root of the distance (L) in kilometers between benchmarks.
Theodolites and Specifications
- First order surveys use Wild T4, DKM 3A or equivalents for latitude and longitude determination.
- First order surveys use Wild T3, DKM 3 or digital equivalents for directions and azimuths.
- Second Order (Class I) surveys use Wild T4, DKM 3A or equivalent for latitude and longitude, and Wild T3, DKM 3 or digital equivalent for directions and azimuths.
- Second Order (Class II) surveys use Wild T3, DKM3 or digital equivalents.
- Third Order(Class I) surveys use Wild T2, Kern DKM 2A or DKM 2AE or equivalents.
- Third Order(Class II) surveys use Wild T2, Kern DKM 2A or DKM 2AE or equivalents.
Trilateration
- Wild T3, DKM 3/3A theodolites should be used for azimuth observations in first and second order Trilateration.
- Wild T2 theodolites can be used for lower order Trilateration surveys.
- Electronic distance measurements need a record of wet and dry bulb temperature and barometric pressure from both ends.
- The closure specifications are not the same as the achieved accuracy.
Leveling
- Algebraic sum check of all section's misclosures and loop misclosures should be carried out.
- Gravity corrections should be applied only for first order leveling.
- A minimally constrained adjustment should be carried out.
- Normalized residuals should be inspected to identify potential errors.
- The post adjustment estimate of variance of unit weight should be inspected to check the weight values.
Office Computation and Analysis
- Correct measured EDM distances for instrument constant, reflector constant, slope correction, sea level correction and other necessary corrections.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of survey beacons, including their construction, placement, and categories. It emphasizes the significance of precise observations and accuracy in vertical control for effective surveying. Test your understanding of the protocols and standards in beacon surveying.
