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Questions and Answers
What is the classification of surgery based on whether it enters the body cavity or impairs movement or physiological function?
Which organization must approve ALL procedures in laboratory animals?
What is the purpose of placing telemetry devices in laboratory animals?
What is the formula for pain score calculation?
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What is considered a clinically important change in pain score from baseline?
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What does IACUC stand for?
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What is the purpose of establishing a pain scoring chart?
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What is the Grimace Scale score formula?
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What does the baseline score represent in pain assessment?
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What is the number one cause of perioperative death in small laboratory rodents?
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Which stage of anesthesia in small mammals is considered undesirable due to medullary paralysis and respiratory arrest?
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What are the key components required for peri-operative monitoring in large mammals?
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What is the most common method of induction for inhalant anesthesia in rodents?
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Which of the following is a potential con of injectable anesthesia in animals?
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When is it necessary to use anesthesia, sedation, or analgesia according to the text?
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What is the relationship between the flow of gas and the length and radius of the tube according to Poisseuille’s Law?
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Which method of administration is NOT mentioned for analgesia in the text?
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Which type of anesthesia requires specialized equipment and considerations for specific species?
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Major surgery in laboratory animals can be classified as non-survival if the animal wakes up after the procedure.
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Implants in laboratory animals can include placement of IV access port, indwelling catheter, and telemetry devices.
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Lab animals must be treated for pain, but documentation of pain management is not required.
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Small mammals and non-traditional species may require specialized considerations when it comes to anesthesia and pain management
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Isoflurane is the most common inhalant anesthesia used for small rodents due to its rapid induction and recovery properties
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Injectable anesthesia cocktails are not commonly used in specific projects involving small laboratory rodents
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Orbital tightening in mice is assessed on a scale of 0 to 2, with higher numbers indicating a painful animal.
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The Grimace Scale score is calculated as the sum of each 'action unit', and some scales use the average of the action unit sums.
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The pain score is calculated as (Post-procedure GS score) - (Baseline GC score).
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All procedures involving mice and rats must be approved by IACUC.
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Mice and rats have unique surgical needs that must be considered in laboratory animal medicine.
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Inhalant anesthesia is not mentioned as a potential method of analgesia in the text.
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Poisseuille’s Law explains the fluid dynamics of laminar flow and how a small change in airway diameter leads to a significant increase in airway resistance.
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Anesthesia in small mammals progresses through stages 1 to 5, with stage 5 being undesirable due to medullary paralysis and respiratory arrest.
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The Grimace Scale, used for pain assessment in rodents, involves assessing orbital tightening, nose/cheek flattening, ear changes, and whisker change, with higher scores indicating a pain-free animal.
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Study Notes
Surgical Standards for Small Laboratory Rodents
- Poisseuille’s Law explains the fluid dynamics of laminar flow and how a small change in airway diameter leads to a significant increase in airway resistance.
- Ventilators for small mammals, particularly intubated rodents, are essential for proper ventilation.
- The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals provides surgical standards and emphasizes the importance of presurgical planning, personnel training, anesthesia, aseptic technique, and postoperative care.
- Pre-operative preparation involves patient preparation, equipment sterilization, and assessing anesthetic depth using reflexes like the pedal reflex in mice.
- Anesthesia in small mammals progresses through stages 1 to 4, with stage 4 being undesirable due to medullary paralysis and respiratory arrest.
- Peri-operative monitoring in large mammals requires specialized monitors for temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, pulse oximetry, capnography, and blood pressure.
- Hypothermia is the number one cause of perioperative death, making heat regulation and fluid administration crucial during peri-operative support.
- Post-procedural monitoring, pain management, and distress assessment are required by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), emphasizing the importance of record-keeping and pain scoring systems.
- Investigators should consider that procedures causing pain or distress in humans may also cause pain or distress in other animals, as outlined in U.S. Government Principle IV.
- Pain scoring systems in rodents require objective criteria, extensive training of observers, and remote observation techniques such as videotaping and grimace scales for accurate assessment.
- The Grimace Scale, used for pain assessment in rodents, involves assessing orbital tightening, nose/cheek flattening, ear changes, and whisker change, with higher scores indicating a painful animal.
- Mouse and rat grimace scales use specific criteria to assess pain, and accurate pain scoring requires extensive observation and baseline scoring for comparison.
Principles of Anesthesia and Analgesia in Animal Research
- Procedures causing more than momentary pain/distress require sedation, analgesia, or anesthesia
- Anesthesia, sedation, and analgesia are used for surgery, certain lab procedures, handling animals safely, and decreasing stress during minimally invasive procedures
- Local anesthetics include nerve blocks and infiltration, using drugs like lidocaine and bupivacaine
- Analgesics like opioids and NSAIDs are used for pain management, but may interfere with research results and require dilution
- Administration of analgesia can be via IP, SQ, or PO methods, with various options for PO administration
- Drug doses for small mammals and non-traditional species are found in textbooks, journal articles, and formularies, and may require pilot studies or extrapolation if not available
- Drug dilution for small rodents is typically necessary for accurate dosing, considering factors like ease of administration and animal comfort
- Common usage dosage notes for certain medications, such as oxytocin, ketoprofen, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfa, and enrofloxacin, are provided
- Anesthetics can be injectable or inhalant, each with pros and cons, and may include specific cocktails or agents based on the type of research
- Inhalant anesthesia, commonly using isoflurane, requires specialized equipment and considerations for specific species
- Intubation of small rodents is not routinely done due to Poisseuille’s Law, which relates to the diameter and length of the tube and the flow of gas
- Poisseuille’s Law states that the flow of gas is inversely proportional to the length and directly proportional to the fourth power of the radius, making intubation challenging for small rodents
Surgical Standards for Small Laboratory Rodents
- Poisseuille’s Law explains the fluid dynamics of laminar flow and how a small change in airway diameter leads to a significant increase in airway resistance.
- Ventilators for small mammals, particularly intubated rodents, are essential for proper ventilation.
- The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals provides surgical standards and emphasizes the importance of presurgical planning, personnel training, anesthesia, aseptic technique, and postoperative care.
- Pre-operative preparation involves patient preparation, equipment sterilization, and assessing anesthetic depth using reflexes like the pedal reflex in mice.
- Anesthesia in small mammals progresses through stages 1 to 4, with stage 4 being undesirable due to medullary paralysis and respiratory arrest.
- Peri-operative monitoring in large mammals requires specialized monitors for temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, pulse oximetry, capnography, and blood pressure.
- Hypothermia is the number one cause of perioperative death, making heat regulation and fluid administration crucial during peri-operative support.
- Post-procedural monitoring, pain management, and distress assessment are required by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), emphasizing the importance of record-keeping and pain scoring systems.
- Investigators should consider that procedures causing pain or distress in humans may also cause pain or distress in other animals, as outlined in U.S. Government Principle IV.
- Pain scoring systems in rodents require objective criteria, extensive training of observers, and remote observation techniques such as videotaping and grimace scales for accurate assessment.
- The Grimace Scale, used for pain assessment in rodents, involves assessing orbital tightening, nose/cheek flattening, ear changes, and whisker change, with higher scores indicating a painful animal.
- Mouse and rat grimace scales use specific criteria to assess pain, and accurate pain scoring requires extensive observation and baseline scoring for comparison.
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Description
Test your knowledge of surgical standards for small laboratory rodents with this quiz. Explore topics such as anesthesia stages, peri-operative monitoring, pain management, and the importance of presurgical planning. Perfect for anyone working with small mammals in a laboratory setting.
