Podcast
Questions and Answers
Where are Nosocomial Infections acquired?
Where are Nosocomial Infections acquired?
- Public transportation
- Schools and universities
- Shopping malls
- Hospitals, nursing homes, or other health care facilities (correct)
What factor poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections?
What factor poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections?
- Air pollution
- Interaction between three factors (correct)
- Noise pollution
- Temperature fluctuations
What type of bacteria is commonly associated with surgical infections?
What type of bacteria is commonly associated with surgical infections?
- Viral pathogens
- Parasitic organisms
- Gram-positive aerobic cocci like Staphylococci (correct)
- Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli
Where do community-acquired infections occur?
Where do community-acquired infections occur?
How can infection be transmitted through skin abrasions?
How can infection be transmitted through skin abrasions?
What is a potential source of prion transmission mentioned in the text?
What is a potential source of prion transmission mentioned in the text?
How can potentially infected patients be identified?
How can potentially infected patients be identified?
What is recommended for the disposal of disposable items related to patient care?
What is recommended for the disposal of disposable items related to patient care?
How can hepatitis B transmission risk be assessed?
How can hepatitis B transmission risk be assessed?
What is recommended for non-disposable equipment used in patient care?
What is recommended for non-disposable equipment used in patient care?
Which bodily fluid is mentioned as a potential source of infection?
Which bodily fluid is mentioned as a potential source of infection?
How can infection be transmitted through contact with contaminated equipment?
How can infection be transmitted through contact with contaminated equipment?
Which antibiotic is mostly resistant to E.pidermidis?
Which antibiotic is mostly resistant to E.pidermidis?
What is the principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx?
What is the principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx?
Which antibiotic is effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli?
Which antibiotic is effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli?
What type of infections are major SSI associated with?
What type of infections are major SSI associated with?
What type of infections are included in hospital acquired infections (HAI)?
What type of infections are included in hospital acquired infections (HAI)?
Which bacteria cause gas gangrene?
Which bacteria cause gas gangrene?
Which bacteria acts in synergy with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli to cause surgical site infections and abdominal abscesses?
Which bacteria acts in synergy with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli to cause surgical site infections and abdominal abscesses?
What antibiotic is given to allergic patients who are sensitive to penicillin?
What antibiotic is given to allergic patients who are sensitive to penicillin?
Which bacteria are major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections?
Which bacteria are major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections?
What type of infections are minor SSI associated with?
What type of infections are minor SSI associated with?
What are the types of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) mentioned in the text?
What are the types of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is not a natural host defense against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
Which of the following is not a natural host defense against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What are the sources of infection mentioned in the text?
What are the sources of infection mentioned in the text?
What are the principles of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI) mentioned in the text?
What are the principles of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI) mentioned in the text?
What are some risk factors for wound infection mentioned in the text?
What are some risk factors for wound infection mentioned in the text?
Which signs and symptoms are associated with wound infection according to the text?
Which signs and symptoms are associated with wound infection according to the text?
What are some modes of occupational infections among health workers mentioned in the text?
What are some modes of occupational infections among health workers mentioned in the text?
Which type of defense includes neutrophils and macrophages?
Which type of defense includes neutrophils and macrophages?
What is one principle of achieving healing for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What is one principle of achieving healing for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
Which type of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) affects musculofascial layers?
Which type of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) affects musculofascial layers?
What are some signs and symptoms associated with wound infection according to the text?
What are some signs and symptoms associated with wound infection according to the text?
Where are Nosocomial Infections acquired?
Where are Nosocomial Infections acquired?
What is a common bacteria causing surgical infection?
What is a common bacteria causing surgical infection?
What factors pose a significant risk of nosocomial infections?
What factors pose a significant risk of nosocomial infections?
What are Nosocomial Infections also known as?
What are Nosocomial Infections also known as?
How can infection be transmitted by fomites?
How can infection be transmitted by fomites?
What is a recommended procedure to minimize transmission of infection?
What is a recommended procedure to minimize transmission of infection?
How can potentially infected patients be identified?
How can potentially infected patients be identified?
What is an example of an infectious bodily fluid mentioned in the text?
What is an example of an infectious bodily fluid mentioned in the text?
What is recommended for the disposal of disposable items related to patient care?
What is recommended for the disposal of disposable items related to patient care?
What is the principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx?
What is the principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx?
Which antibiotic is effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli?
Which antibiotic is effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli?
What are some signs and symptoms associated with wound infection according to the text?
What are some signs and symptoms associated with wound infection according to the text?
What are the types of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) mentioned in the text?
What are the types of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) mentioned in the text?
What are the natural host defenses against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What are the natural host defenses against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What are some risk factors for wound infection mentioned in the text?
What are some risk factors for wound infection mentioned in the text?
What is a potential source of occupational infections among health workers mentioned in the text?
What is a potential source of occupational infections among health workers mentioned in the text?
Which type of defense includes antibodies?
Which type of defense includes antibodies?
What is a principle of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI) mentioned in the text?
What is a principle of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI) mentioned in the text?
What are some sources of infection mentioned in the text?
What are some sources of infection mentioned in the text?
Which antibiotic is mostly resistant to E.pidermidis?
Which antibiotic is mostly resistant to E.pidermidis?
What is the principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx?
What is the principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx?
What type of infections are minor SSI associated with?
What type of infections are minor SSI associated with?
Which bacteria cause gas gangrene?
Which bacteria cause gas gangrene?
What type of defense includes neutrophils and macrophages?
What type of defense includes neutrophils and macrophages?
What type of bacteria are major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections, especially E.coli?
What type of bacteria are major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections, especially E.coli?
What is the term used for infections acquired in hospitals, nursing homes, or other health care facilities?
What is the term used for infections acquired in hospitals, nursing homes, or other health care facilities?
What is a common bacterium causing surgical infection mentioned in the text?
What is a common bacterium causing surgical infection mentioned in the text?
Which interaction poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections according to the text?
Which interaction poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections according to the text?
In which country do nosocomial diseases cause thousands of deaths annually according to the text?
In which country do nosocomial diseases cause thousands of deaths annually according to the text?
How can infection be transmitted by fomites?
How can infection be transmitted by fomites?
What is a recommended procedure to minimize transmission of infection?
What is a recommended procedure to minimize transmission of infection?
How are infected (infectious) patients identified?
How are infected (infectious) patients identified?
What is recommended for non-disposable equipment used in patient care?
What is recommended for non-disposable equipment used in patient care?
What are some risk factors for wound infection mentioned in the text?
What are some risk factors for wound infection mentioned in the text?
What are some sources of infection mentioned in the text?
What are some sources of infection mentioned in the text?
What is a potential source of prion transmission mentioned in the text?
What is a potential source of prion transmission mentioned in the text?
How can potentially infected patients be identified?
How can potentially infected patients be identified?
Which antibiotic is indicated for allergic patients who are sensitive to penicillin, according to the text?
Which antibiotic is indicated for allergic patients who are sensitive to penicillin, according to the text?
Which bacteria is a major cause of urinary tract infections (UTI) and surgical site infections (SSI) after bowel operations?
Which bacteria is a major cause of urinary tract infections (UTI) and surgical site infections (SSI) after bowel operations?
What type of infection is associated with systemic signs of inflammation such as tachycardia, pyrexia, and leukocytosis?
What type of infection is associated with systemic signs of inflammation such as tachycardia, pyrexia, and leukocytosis?
Which bacterium causes gas gangrene?
Which bacterium causes gas gangrene?
What are hospital-acquired infections (HAI) defined as?
What are hospital-acquired infections (HAI) defined as?
What type of bacteria colonize the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx and act in synergy with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli to cause surgical site infections and abdominal abscesses after colorectal or gynaecological surgery?
What type of bacteria colonize the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx and act in synergy with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli to cause surgical site infections and abdominal abscesses after colorectal or gynaecological surgery?
What type of defense includes antibodies?
What type of defense includes antibodies?
Which type of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) affects musculofascial layers?
Which type of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) affects musculofascial layers?
What are some risk factors for wound infection mentioned in the text?
What are some risk factors for wound infection mentioned in the text?
Which interaction poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections according to the text?
Which interaction poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections according to the text?
What is a potential source of occupational infections among health workers mentioned in the text?
What is a potential source of occupational infections among health workers mentioned in the text?
What type of bacteria are major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections, especially E.coli?
What type of bacteria are major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections, especially E.coli?
How are infected (infectious) patients identified?
How are infected (infectious) patients identified?
What is recommended for non-disposable equipment used in patient care?
What is recommended for non-disposable equipment used in patient care?
What antibiotic is given to allergic patients who are sensitive to penicillin?
What antibiotic is given to allergic patients who are sensitive to penicillin?
What is one principle of achieving healing for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What is one principle of achieving healing for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What type of defense includes neutrophils and macrophages?
What type of defense includes neutrophils and macrophages?
Where do community-acquired infections occur?
Where do community-acquired infections occur?
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Study Notes
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Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the invasion of organisms into surgical wounds after the breakdown of host defenses.
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Types of SSI: 1. Superficial wound infection (skin), 2. Deep wound infection (musculofascial layers), 3. Organ space infection (abdominal and pelvic abscesses).
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Natural host defenses include mechanical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical (low gastric pH), cellular (neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes), and humoral (antibodies) defenses.
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Sources of infection include primary (endogenous) sources present in the host and secondary (exogenous) sources acquired from outside the body.
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Principles of treatment include prescribing antibiotics, removing sutures, draining abscesses, and achieving healing by secondary or delayed primary intention.
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Risk factors for wound infection include general (age, malnutrition, immunosuppression, endocrine and metabolic disorders, hypoxia, and anaemia) and local (type of surgery, length of procedures, necrotic tissue, residual local malignancy, foreign bodies, and ischemia) factors, as well as microbiological factors.
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Signs and symptoms of wound infection include spreading heat (warm skin), red skin surrounding the wound, pain associated with fever and chills, swelling, discharge or pus, and odor coming from the wound, along with generalized weakness, anorexia, and loss of function or movement.
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Modes of occupational infections among health workers include direct percutaneous inoculation of infected blood, such as needle-stick injuries and scalpel wounds.
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E.pidermidis: form clumps, mostly resistant to penicillin but sensitive to cloxacillin and vancomycin.
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b-Streptococci (S.pyogen, S.faecalis): form chains, sensitive to penicillin, but allergic patients are given erythromycin or cephalosporines.
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Gram-positive anaerobic bacilli: include Clostridium perfringens, tetani, and difficile, cause gas gangrene, tetanus, and colitis respectively.
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Gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli: include E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Proteus; major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections, especially E.coli.
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Aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin are effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli.
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Bacteroides fragilis: principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus, colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx; acts in synergy with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli to cause surgical site infections and abdominal abscesses.
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Hospital acquired infections (HAI): infections acquired in the hospital environment or from medical staff during admission; types include respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, bacteraemia, and surgical site infections.
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Major SSI: occurs when a wound discharges a large quantity of pus and the patient shows systemic signs of inflammation.
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Minor SSI: occurs when a wound discharges little pus and is not associated with systemic signs of inflammation.
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Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the invasion of organisms to tissues after the host's defenses have been compromised.
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Types of SSI: superficial (skin), deep (musculofascial layers), and organ space (abdominal and pelvic abscesses).
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Natural host defenses include mechanical barriers (skin and mucous membranes), chemical (low gastric pH), cellular (neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes), and humoral (antibodies).
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Sources of infection: primary (endogenous, from the host) and secondary (exogenous, from outside the body).
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Principles of treatment: use of antibiotics, removal of sutures when necessary, and draining abscesses.
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Risk factors for wound infection can be general (age, malnutrition, immunosuppression, obesity, underweight, diabetes, liver diseases, renal failure, and hypoxia) or local (type of surgery, length of procedures, presence of necrotic tissue, residual local malignancy, and ischemia).
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Microbiology factors, such as lack of antibiotic prophylaxis and virulence of organisms, also play a role in wound infections.
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Signs and symptoms of wound infection include spreading heat (warm skin), redness around the wound, pain, swelling, discharge, odor, and generalized weakness.
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Healthcare workers are at risk for occupational infections through direct percutaneous inoculation, such as needle-stick injuries and scalpel wounds.
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