Surgical Site Infection Types

88 Questions

Where are Nosocomial Infections acquired?

Hospitals, nursing homes, or other health care facilities

What factor poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections?

Interaction between three factors

What type of bacteria is commonly associated with surgical infections?

Gram-positive aerobic cocci like Staphylococci

Where do community-acquired infections occur?

Outside of healthcare facilities

How can infection be transmitted through skin abrasions?

Direct contact with contaminated bodily fluids

What is a potential source of prion transmission mentioned in the text?

Contaminated neurosurgical equipment

How can potentially infected patients be identified?

By serology

What is recommended for the disposal of disposable items related to patient care?

Careful disposal

How can hepatitis B transmission risk be assessed?

Assessing risk factors like IV drug use

What is recommended for non-disposable equipment used in patient care?

Specific treatment and sterilization

Which bodily fluid is mentioned as a potential source of infection?

Saliva

How can infection be transmitted through contact with contaminated equipment?

Transfer of prions by neurosurgical equipment

Which antibiotic is mostly resistant to E.pidermidis?

Penicillin

What is the principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx?

Bacteroides fragilis

Which antibiotic is effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli?

Aminoglycosides

What type of infections are major SSI associated with?

Surgical site infections

What type of infections are included in hospital acquired infections (HAI)?

Urinary tract infections

Which bacteria cause gas gangrene?

Clostridium perfringens

Which bacteria acts in synergy with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli to cause surgical site infections and abdominal abscesses?

Bacteroides fragilis

What antibiotic is given to allergic patients who are sensitive to penicillin?

Erythromycin

Which bacteria are major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections?

E.coli

What type of infections are minor SSI associated with?

Surgical site infections

What are the types of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) mentioned in the text?

Superficial wound infection, Deep wound infection, Organ space infection

Which of the following is not a natural host defense against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

High blood sugar levels

What are the sources of infection mentioned in the text?

Primary (endogenous) and Secondary (exogenous) sources

What are the principles of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI) mentioned in the text?

Prescribing antibiotics, Removing sutures, Draining abscesses

What are some risk factors for wound infection mentioned in the text?

Age, Malnutrition, Immunosuppression

Which signs and symptoms are associated with wound infection according to the text?

Heat (warm skin), Red skin surrounding the wound, Pain associated with fever and chills

What are some modes of occupational infections among health workers mentioned in the text?

Direct percutaneous inoculation of infected blood (needle-stick injuries, scalpel wounds)

Which type of defense includes neutrophils and macrophages?

Cellular defense

What is one principle of achieving healing for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Achieving healing by secondary or delayed primary intention

Which type of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) affects musculofascial layers?

Deep wound infection

What are some signs and symptoms associated with wound infection according to the text?

Swelling, Discharge or pus from the wound, Odor coming from the wound

Where are Nosocomial Infections acquired?

Hospitals, nursing homes, or other health care facilities

What is a common bacteria causing surgical infection?

Staphylococci (S.aureus)

What factors pose a significant risk of nosocomial infections?

Interaction between three factors

What are Nosocomial Infections also known as?

Hospital acquired infections

How can infection be transmitted by fomites?

Through contaminated equipment

What is a recommended procedure to minimize transmission of infection?

Identify infected patients by serology

How can potentially infected patients be identified?

By risk factors such as IV drug use

What is an example of an infectious bodily fluid mentioned in the text?

Blood

What is recommended for the disposal of disposable items related to patient care?

Careful disposal of disposable items

What is the principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx?

Bacteroides fragilis

Which antibiotic is effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli?

Ciprofloxacin

What are some signs and symptoms associated with wound infection according to the text?

Localized pain and redness at the wound site

What are the types of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) mentioned in the text?

Superficial wound infection, Deep wound infection, Organ space infection

What are the natural host defenses against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Mechanical barriers, Chemical defenses, Cellular defenses

What are some risk factors for wound infection mentioned in the text?

Age, Malnutrition, Type of surgery

What is a potential source of occupational infections among health workers mentioned in the text?

Direct percutaneous inoculation of infected blood

Which type of defense includes antibodies?

Humoral defenses

What is a principle of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI) mentioned in the text?

Prescribing antibiotics

What are some sources of infection mentioned in the text?

Primary (endogenous) sources present in the host and secondary (exogenous) sources acquired from outside the body.

Which antibiotic is mostly resistant to E.pidermidis?

Penicillin

What is the principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx?

Bacteroides fragilis

What type of infections are minor SSI associated with?

Surgical site infections

Which bacteria cause gas gangrene?

Clostridium perfringens

What type of defense includes neutrophils and macrophages?

Innate immunity

What type of bacteria are major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections, especially E.coli?

Gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli

What is the term used for infections acquired in hospitals, nursing homes, or other health care facilities?

Nosocomial infections

What is a common bacterium causing surgical infection mentioned in the text?

Staphylococcus aureus

Which interaction poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections according to the text?

Interaction between three factors including patients' immune system, medical devices, and hygiene practices

In which country do nosocomial diseases cause thousands of deaths annually according to the text?

United States

How can infection be transmitted by fomites?

Via contaminated equipment such as neurosurgical tools

What is a recommended procedure to minimize transmission of infection?

Regular handwashing with soap and water

How are infected (infectious) patients identified?

By serology testing

What is recommended for non-disposable equipment used in patient care?

Thorough cleaning and sterilization

What are some risk factors for wound infection mentioned in the text?

Presence of foreign bodies in the wound

What are some sources of infection mentioned in the text?

Contaminated medical equipment

What is a potential source of prion transmission mentioned in the text?

Contaminated surgical instruments

How can potentially infected patients be identified?

By identifying risk factors such as IV drug use for hepatitis B carriage

Which antibiotic is indicated for allergic patients who are sensitive to penicillin, according to the text?

Erythromycin

Which bacteria is a major cause of urinary tract infections (UTI) and surgical site infections (SSI) after bowel operations?

Escherichia coli

What type of infection is associated with systemic signs of inflammation such as tachycardia, pyrexia, and leukocytosis?

Major Surgical Site Infection (SSI)

Which bacterium causes gas gangrene?

Clostridium perfringens

What are hospital-acquired infections (HAI) defined as?

Infections acquired in the hospital environment or from medical staff during admission

What type of bacteria colonize the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx and act in synergy with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli to cause surgical site infections and abdominal abscesses after colorectal or gynaecological surgery?

Escherichia coli

What type of defense includes antibodies?

Humoral defenses

Which type of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) affects musculofascial layers?

Deep SSI

What are some risk factors for wound infection mentioned in the text?

Obesity, diabetes, and liver diseases

Which interaction poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections according to the text?

Direct contact with infected patients

What is a potential source of occupational infections among health workers mentioned in the text?

Direct percutaneous inoculation such as needle-stick injuries

What type of bacteria are major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections, especially E.coli?

Aerobic bacteria

How are infected (infectious) patients identified?

By visible signs and symptoms

What is recommended for non-disposable equipment used in patient care?

Thorough cleaning and sterilization

What antibiotic is given to allergic patients who are sensitive to penicillin?

Clindamycin

What is one principle of achieving healing for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Draining abscesses

What type of defense includes neutrophils and macrophages?

Cellular defenses

Where do community-acquired infections occur?

Outside healthcare settings

Study Notes

Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the invasion of organisms into surgical wounds after the breakdown of host defenses.
Types of SSI: 1. Superficial wound infection (skin), 2. Deep wound infection (musculofascial layers), 3. Organ space infection (abdominal and pelvic abscesses).
Natural host defenses include mechanical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical (low gastric pH), cellular (neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes), and humoral (antibodies) defenses.
Sources of infection include primary (endogenous) sources present in the host and secondary (exogenous) sources acquired from outside the body.
Principles of treatment include prescribing antibiotics, removing sutures, draining abscesses, and achieving healing by secondary or delayed primary intention.
Risk factors for wound infection include general (age, malnutrition, immunosuppression, endocrine and metabolic disorders, hypoxia, and anaemia) and local (type of surgery, length of procedures, necrotic tissue, residual local malignancy, foreign bodies, and ischemia) factors, as well as microbiological factors.
Signs and symptoms of wound infection include spreading heat (warm skin), red skin surrounding the wound, pain associated with fever and chills, swelling, discharge or pus, and odor coming from the wound, along with generalized weakness, anorexia, and loss of function or movement.
Modes of occupational infections among health workers include direct percutaneous inoculation of infected blood, such as needle-stick injuries and scalpel wounds.
E.pidermidis: form clumps, mostly resistant to penicillin but sensitive to cloxacillin and vancomycin.
b-Streptococci (S.pyogen, S.faecalis): form chains, sensitive to penicillin, but allergic patients are given erythromycin or cephalosporines.
Gram-positive anaerobic bacilli: include Clostridium perfringens, tetani, and difficile, cause gas gangrene, tetanus, and colitis respectively.
Gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli: include E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Proteus; major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections, especially E.coli.
Aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin are effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli.
Bacteroides fragilis: principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus, colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx; acts in synergy with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli to cause surgical site infections and abdominal abscesses.
Hospital acquired infections (HAI): infections acquired in the hospital environment or from medical staff during admission; types include respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, bacteraemia, and surgical site infections.
Major SSI: occurs when a wound discharges a large quantity of pus and the patient shows systemic signs of inflammation.
Minor SSI: occurs when a wound discharges little pus and is not associated with systemic signs of inflammation.
Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the invasion of organisms to tissues after the host's defenses have been compromised.
Types of SSI: superficial (skin), deep (musculofascial layers), and organ space (abdominal and pelvic abscesses).
Natural host defenses include mechanical barriers (skin and mucous membranes), chemical (low gastric pH), cellular (neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes), and humoral (antibodies).
Sources of infection: primary (endogenous, from the host) and secondary (exogenous, from outside the body).
Principles of treatment: use of antibiotics, removal of sutures when necessary, and draining abscesses.
Risk factors for wound infection can be general (age, malnutrition, immunosuppression, obesity, underweight, diabetes, liver diseases, renal failure, and hypoxia) or local (type of surgery, length of procedures, presence of necrotic tissue, residual local malignancy, and ischemia).
Microbiology factors, such as lack of antibiotic prophylaxis and virulence of organisms, also play a role in wound infections.
Signs and symptoms of wound infection include spreading heat (warm skin), redness around the wound, pain, swelling, discharge, odor, and generalized weakness.
Healthcare workers are at risk for occupational infections through direct percutaneous inoculation, such as needle-stick injuries and scalpel wounds.

Test your knowledge about the types of surgical site infection, including superficial wound infection, deep wound infection, and organ space infection. Learn about the invasion of organisms to tissues after breakdown of host defenses.

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