Surge Tanks in Hydropower Plants

The primary function of a surge tank is to stabilize the velocity and pressure in the penstock and reduce water hammer and negative pressure.

The ideal location for a surge tank is at the turbine inlet.

Water turbines convert the kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy.

<p>The most commonly utilized turbine in hydro-power plants is the Francis turbine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A spiral casing is a component of a Francis turbine that surrounds the runner and guides the water flow into it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cross-sectional area of the spiral casing decreases uniformly along the circumference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spiral casing regulates water flow by decreasing the rate of flow as the fluid interacts with the turbine blades.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The turbine is usually fitted along a vertical shaft, although some smaller plants use horizontal shaft alignment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove particles from the air stream by ionizing them and collecting them on grounded plates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It captures small particles from the contaminated gas stream by depositing them on accumulated dust on the fabric.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steel alloys lined with rubber, tiles, or coatings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose of a moderator is to slow down fast neutrons emitted from fission to enable an effective fission chain reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from flue gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control rods are commonly made from neutron-absorbing materials such as cadmium, hafnium, or boron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A large negative voltage is applied, causing the air stream and surrounding particles to become ionized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control rods can be inserted or withdrawn to either increase or decrease the reactor's power level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pressure vessel contains the reactor core and moderator/coolant, maintaining the high pressures needed for the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cylindrical fabric bags.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mixture of water, limestone, or lime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The steam generator produces steam from heated water, facilitating electricity generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prepare and distribute the limestone mixture and remove solid wastes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High pressure in the steam is maintained using a pressurizer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dust cake improves the filter's ability to collect small particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They use less water and other materials, resulting in lower maintenance and operating costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water, graphite, and heavy water can be used as moderators in various types of reactors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), control rods are typically inserted from the top of the core.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is used for SO2 control by injecting chemicals directly into the furnace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High costs and large amounts of injected chemicals make it economically unfavorable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A smokestack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforced concrete, fiberglass-reinforced polymers, borosilicate blocks, or nickel-metal alloy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To withstand specific application conditions such as high temperatures and corrosive environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Several hundred meters high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A battery is a type of energy storage device or power source with an external connection for powering electrical devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main components of a battery are the electrodes (anode and cathode) and an electrolyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction-oxidation (Redox) reactions occur simultaneously during discharge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The anode undergoes oxidation and the cathode undergoes reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The electrolyte facilitates the movement of ions between the anode and cathode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical energy is generated through chemical reactions that convert stored chemical potential into electrical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Batteries provide a portable power supply for a variety of everyday appliances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The creation of a pathway for electrons and ions to flow allows the battery to discharge.</p> Signup and view all the answers