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Questions and Answers
Surfactants lower the surface tension of water at high concentrations
Surfactants lower the surface tension of water at high concentrations
False
Surfactants have both polar and nonpolar moieties
Surfactants have both polar and nonpolar moieties
True
Hydrophilic groups of surfactants include -COOH and -NR4+
Hydrophilic groups of surfactants include -COOH and -NR4+
False
Surfactants modify the interface between two immiscible phases
Surfactants modify the interface between two immiscible phases
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Cleansers are designed to add dirt, sweat, sebum, and oils to the skin
Cleansers are designed to add dirt, sweat, sebum, and oils to the skin
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Surfactants are used widely in cosmetic and toiletries formulations for their foaming properties
Surfactants are used widely in cosmetic and toiletries formulations for their foaming properties
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The selection of a surfactant for cosmetics should not take into account the functions to be fulfilled
The selection of a surfactant for cosmetics should not take into account the functions to be fulfilled
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True or false: The UV Index represents UV intensity around the Sun's highest point in the day, called solar noon, halfway between sunrise and sunset.
True or false: The UV Index represents UV intensity around the Sun's highest point in the day, called solar noon, halfway between sunrise and sunset.
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True or false: UVB rays are longer rays that can even go through a glass window.
True or false: UVB rays are longer rays that can even go through a glass window.
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True or false: SPF measures the amount of solar energy required to produce sunburn on protected skin relative to the amount required on unprotected skin.
True or false: SPF measures the amount of solar energy required to produce sunburn on protected skin relative to the amount required on unprotected skin.
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True or false: Sunscreens that are not broad spectrum or that lack an SPF of at least 15 must carry a warning about skin cancer and early skin aging.
True or false: Sunscreens that are not broad spectrum or that lack an SPF of at least 15 must carry a warning about skin cancer and early skin aging.
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True or false: SPF values indicate a sunscreen's protection against both UVA and UVB radiation.
True or false: SPF values indicate a sunscreen's protection against both UVA and UVB radiation.
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True or false: A fabric with a UPF of 50 would allow 98% of the sun's rays to penetrate, reducing exposure risk significantly.
True or false: A fabric with a UPF of 50 would allow 98% of the sun's rays to penetrate, reducing exposure risk significantly.
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True or false: A sunblock has a physical sunscreen ingredients with an SPF 12 or higher.
True or false: A sunblock has a physical sunscreen ingredients with an SPF 12 or higher.
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True or false: Chemical sunscreen ingredients absorb sunlight, preventing sun damage of skin.
True or false: Chemical sunscreen ingredients absorb sunlight, preventing sun damage of skin.
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True or false: Sunscreen should be applied after sun exposure to allow time for absorption.
True or false: Sunscreen should be applied after sun exposure to allow time for absorption.
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Anionic surfactants carry positive charges in aqueous solution.
Anionic surfactants carry positive charges in aqueous solution.
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Cationic surfactants are commonly used in shampoos for their good foaming properties.
Cationic surfactants are commonly used in shampoos for their good foaming properties.
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Betaines are used in personal care products for their skin irritation reduction capacity.
Betaines are used in personal care products for their skin irritation reduction capacity.
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Nonionic surfactants dissociate into ions and deliver a strong foam.
Nonionic surfactants dissociate into ions and deliver a strong foam.
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Sunscreen preparations are used to amplify the harmful effects of solar/UV radiation on the skin.
Sunscreen preparations are used to amplify the harmful effects of solar/UV radiation on the skin.
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The UV Index measures the strength of sunburn-producing UV radiation.
The UV Index measures the strength of sunburn-producing UV radiation.
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UV radiation is visible and can be felt.
UV radiation is visible and can be felt.
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Surfactants consist of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions in separate molecules.
Surfactants consist of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions in separate molecules.
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Cationic surfactants always carry a positive charge.
Cationic surfactants always carry a positive charge.
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Nonionic surfactants ionize in solution.
Nonionic surfactants ionize in solution.
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Micelle formation occurs when surfactant molecules form aggregates at the interface between water and oil phases.
Micelle formation occurs when surfactant molecules form aggregates at the interface between water and oil phases.
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The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is the concentration at which micelle formation is at its maximum.
The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is the concentration at which micelle formation is at its maximum.
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Surfactants with a dominant hydrophilic part form water-in-oil emulsions.
Surfactants with a dominant hydrophilic part form water-in-oil emulsions.
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HLB values indicate the relative strength of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of surfactants.
HLB values indicate the relative strength of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of surfactants.
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What does SPF (Sun Protection Factor) measure?
What does SPF (Sun Protection Factor) measure?
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When should sunscreen be applied for optimal protection?
When should sunscreen be applied for optimal protection?
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What do UVA rays do to the skin?
What do UVA rays do to the skin?
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What does UPF (Ultraviolet Protection Factor) indicate?
What does UPF (Ultraviolet Protection Factor) indicate?
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What is the main difference between sunscreen and sunblock?
What is the main difference between sunscreen and sunblock?
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What are the factors that affect sunlight's impact on the skin?
What are the factors that affect sunlight's impact on the skin?
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What do broad spectrum sunscreens provide protection against?
What do broad spectrum sunscreens provide protection against?
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When does solar noon typically occur?
When does solar noon typically occur?
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What percentage of premature skin aging is contributed by UV radiation?
What percentage of premature skin aging is contributed by UV radiation?
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What are the examples of anionic surfactants?
What are the examples of anionic surfactants?
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What is the critical micelle concentration (CMC)?
What is the critical micelle concentration (CMC)?
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What do nonionic surfactants like Span® and Tween® do in solution?
What do nonionic surfactants like Span® and Tween® do in solution?
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What is the function of Poloxamers (Pluronics®, Synperonics®, and Kolliphor®)?
What is the function of Poloxamers (Pluronics®, Synperonics®, and Kolliphor®)?
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What determines the suitability of surfactants for specific purposes?
What determines the suitability of surfactants for specific purposes?
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When does micelle formation occur?
When does micelle formation occur?
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What are zwitterionic (amphoteric) surfactants like alkyl betaine?
What are zwitterionic (amphoteric) surfactants like alkyl betaine?
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What type of surfactants are commonly used in shampoos for their good foaming properties?
What type of surfactants are commonly used in shampoos for their good foaming properties?
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Which type of surfactants are used as conditioners and antistatic agents in hair care products?
Which type of surfactants are used as conditioners and antistatic agents in hair care products?
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Which type of surfactants do not dissociate into ions and deliver a weak to moderate foam?
Which type of surfactants do not dissociate into ions and deliver a weak to moderate foam?
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What is the most common type of cationic surfactants used as softening agents in fabric softeners and germicides?
What is the most common type of cationic surfactants used as softening agents in fabric softeners and germicides?
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Which type of surfactants are good foaming, wetting, and emulsifying agents, and decrease the irritation effect of anionics?
Which type of surfactants are good foaming, wetting, and emulsifying agents, and decrease the irritation effect of anionics?
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In which type of sunscreen preparations do chemical ingredients absorb, reflect, or scatter UV radiation?
In which type of sunscreen preparations do chemical ingredients absorb, reflect, or scatter UV radiation?
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What is the purpose of the UV Index?
What is the purpose of the UV Index?
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What is the basic characteristic of surfactants?
What is the basic characteristic of surfactants?
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What is the function of surfactants in cleansers?
What is the function of surfactants in cleansers?
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What is the most commonly cited example of a surfactant's ability?
What is the most commonly cited example of a surfactant's ability?
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What should be considered when selecting a surfactant for cosmetics?
What should be considered when selecting a surfactant for cosmetics?
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What is the role of surfactants in cosmetic and toiletries formulations?
What is the role of surfactants in cosmetic and toiletries formulations?
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What is the characteristic of hydrophilic groups of surfactants?
What is the characteristic of hydrophilic groups of surfactants?
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What occurs when surfactant molecules form aggregates at the interface between water and oil phases?
What occurs when surfactant molecules form aggregates at the interface between water and oil phases?
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Study Notes
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Surfactants consist of hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing) regions in one molecule.
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Polar (hydrophilic) parts can carry a negative charge (anionic), positive charge (cationic), no charge (nonionic), or both (amphoteric).
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For effective surfactant properties, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts should be of comparable strength.
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Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium stearate, and sodium c12-15 pareth-15-sulfonate are examples of anionic surfactants.
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Soap is made by reacting fats or oils with an alkali to form sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
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Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide is an example of a cationic surfactant, which is not a good cleanser but can be used as a conditioner and has bactericidal properties.
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Zwitterionic (amphoteric) surfactants like alkyl betaine are mild and can be anionic, cationic, or non-ionic depending on the pH of the water.
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Nonionic surfactants like Span® (sorbitan esters) and Tween® (polysorbates) do not ionize in solution and are less harsh on the skin, unaffected by hard water, and have no incompatibility problems with other ingredients.
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Poloxamers (Pluronics®, Synperonics®, and Kolliphor®) are nonionic triblock copolymers with hydrophobic and hydrophilic chains.
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Micelle formation occurs when surfactant molecules form aggregates (micelles) at the interface between water and oil phases when the system is saturated.
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The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is the concentration at which micelle formation begins.
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Surfactants with a dominant hydrophilic part form oil-in-water emulsions, those with a dominant hydrophobic part form water-in-oil emulsions, and those with a balance act as detergents or solubilizes.
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Hydrophile-Lipophile balance (HLB) values indicate the relative strength of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of surfactants.
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The range of HLB values determines the suitability of surfactants for specific purposes, such as water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions, detergency, or solubilization.
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Surfactants are used in cosmetic products for various functions such as cleaning, wetting, emulsification, solubilization, dispersion, foaming, penetration enhancement, and antimicrobial activity.
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The hydrophobic/lipophilic and hydrophilic parts of surfactant molecules determine their behavior and application.
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Anionic surfactants carry negative charges in aqueous solution and are derived from oleochemistry, with carboxylates and alkyl sulfates being the most common types. They have good foaming properties and are used in shampoos, but their solubility decreases with longer chain lengths.
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Cationic surfactants are used in hair care as conditioners and antistatic agents, and as emulsifiers and bactericidal agents in some cosmetic preparations. Quaternary ammonium compounds are the most common type of cationic surfactants and are used as softening agents in fabric softeners, germicides, and disinfectants.
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Betaines are good foaming, wetting, and emulsifying surfactants, and their presence decreases the irritation effect of anionics. They are used in personal care products and as secondary tensioactives for their foam stabilizing effect.
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Amphoteric surfactants are used as secondary tensioactives for their foam stabilizing effect and skin irritation reduction capacity. They are used in personal products, baby shampoos, fabric softeners, industrial cleaners, and car cleaners.
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Nonionic surfactants do not dissociate into ions and deliver a weak to moderate foam. They have good skin and eye compatibility, and their anti-irritant potential when combined with anionics in appropriate concentration ratio makes them suitable for sensitive skin, babies, or the face.
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Sunscreen preparations are drug products that prevent or minimize the harmful effects of solar/UV radiation on the skin. They absorb, reflect, or scatter UV radiation.
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The ultravaviolet index (UV Index) is an international standard measurement of the strength of sunburn-producing UV radiation. It informs the public of the level of UV exposure expected on a given day.
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UV radiation is generated by the sun and cannot be seen or felt. It causes changes to skin color, damage to eyes, and other health effects, including sunburns, skin cancer, and eye damage.
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The sun is the primary source of energy, but it also causes harm to the skin and eyes through UV radiation. It is helpful in making our skin grow, synthesizing Vitamin D, and causing sunburns. It is also a cause of skin cancer and eye damage.
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Description
Test your knowledge of surfactant functions in cosmetic formulations, including their role in emulsification, solubilization, cleaning, and wetting. Understand the classification of surfactants based on their HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile balance) values.
