Supergroup Excavates: Characteristics and Examples
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What is the characteristic feature of the supergroup Excavates?

  • The presence of a modified mitochondria
  • The presence of a nucleus in all members
  • The presence of a spiral or crystalline rod in their flagella
  • The presence of a feeding groove in some members (correct)

    • What is the characteristic of the mitochondria in Diplomonads?

  • They are present in all forms
  • They are modified to form mitosomes (correct)
  • They are modified to form hydrogenosomes
  • They are absent in all Diplomonads

    • Which of the following is a pathogenic parasite that causes vaginitis in women and urethritis in men?

  • Trichomonas vaginalis (correct)
  • Euglenozoa
  • Giardia intestinalis
  • Trypanosomes

    • What is the transmission method of Giardia intestinalis?

    <p>Food-borne disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the flagella in Euglenozoans?

    <p>They have a spiral or crystalline rod inside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>It has a modified mitochondria called hydrogenosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>5 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a kinetoplastid?

    <p>Trypanosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by Giardia intestinalis?

    <p>Gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Apicomplexans?

    <p>Their apex contains organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Plasmodium malariae?

    <p>Through the bite of a mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of natural selection favoring the survival of thalassaemia allele carriers in areas with high prevalence of malaria?

    <p>Selective survival of the thalassaemia allele carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of deaths per year caused by malaria?

    <p>900,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what stage of the Plasmodium lifecycle does haemoglobin digestion occur?

    <p>Reproduction in the RBC stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Sporozoites?

    <p>Infecting liver cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Toxoplasma gondii infection in a fetus?

    <p>Abortion, hydrocephalus, and mental retardation of the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Toxoplasma gondii typically transmitted?

    <p>Through the oral-fecal route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ploidy of the zygote stage in the Plasmodium lifecycle?

    <p>Diploid (2n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cilia in ciliates?

    <p>To move and feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is characterized by the presence of smooth or hairy flagella?

    <p>Stramenopiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the contractile vacuole in ciliates?

    <p>To regulate water balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups includes both dinoflagellates and diatoms?

    <p>Stramenopiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pseudopodia in rhizarians?

    <p>To facilitate motility and phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is a decomposer?

    <p>Most oomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the food vacuoles in ciliates?

    <p>To store food for digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups includes golden algae and brown algae?

    <p>Stramenopiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the micronucleus in ciliates?

    <p>To store genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic pigment responsible for the red colour in red algae?

    <p>Phycoerythrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a colonial freshwater green alga?

    <p>Volvox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the seaweed that belongs to the red algae group?

    <p>Dulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms includes animals, fungi, and two protist groups?

    <p>Unikonts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the intertidal chlorophyte?

    <p>Caulerpa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of green algae?

    <p>Chlorophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic shape of the pseudopodia in Amoebozoans?

    <p>Lobe or tube shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms includes slime molds and Gymnamoebas?

    <p>Amoebozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the species of red algae that is commonly found in tropical seaweeds?

    <p>Palmaria palmata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protist group is responsible for digesting cellulose in the gut of termites?

    <p>Wood-digesting protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of photosynthetic protists in aquatic environments?

    <p>Major energy producers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following protists is known to cause keratitis and encephalitis?

    <p>Acanthamoeba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary group classification of Entamoeba histolytica?

    <p>Amoebozoan (Supergroup Unikonts)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which supergroup does the protist Trypanosoma brucei belong to?

    <p>Excavates (supergroup)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by the protist Plasmodium malariae?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following protists is a symbiotic partner in the development of coral reefs?

    <p>Dinoflagellates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eukaryotic supergroup does the protist Giardia intestinalis belong to?

    <p>Excavates (supergroup)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way in which protists contribute to ecological communities?

    <p>As primary producers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Apicomplexans

    • Apicomplexans are pathogenic parasites that cause serious human diseases, and they require 2 or more different host species to complete their life cycle.
    • Examples of pathogenic species include Plasmodium malariae, which causes malaria, and Toxoplasma gondii, which causes toxoplasmosis.

    Plasmodium malariae

    • Plasmodium malariae is a pathogenic species that causes malaria.
    • Transmission occurs through mosquitoes.
    • Reproduction in red blood cells involves haemoglobin digestion.
    • Natural selection favored the survival of thalassaemia allele carriers (heterozygotes) in areas with high prevalence of malaria.
    • There are ongoing efforts for vaccine development.

    Toxoplasma gondii

    • Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogenic species that causes toxoplasmosis.
    • Transmission occurs through the oral-faecal route, by consuming contaminated raw or undercooked meat, or by ingesting anything contaminated with cat or other animal faeces.
    • Trans-placental transmission can occur from mother to fetus, causing abortion, hydrocephalus, or mental retardation of the fetus.

    Supergroup Excavates

    • The supergroup Excavates is characterized by the presence of a feeding groove in some members.
    • Subgroups include Diplomonads, Parabasalids, and Euglenozoans.

    Diplomonads

    • Diplomonads are flagellated protozoa with modified mitochondria (mitosomes).
    • Giardia intestinalis is a diplomonad parasite that causes gastroenteritis (food poisoning) through food-borne transmission.

    Parabasalids

    • Parabasalids are flagellated protozoa with modified mitochondria (hydrogenosomes).
    • Trichomonas vaginalis is a parabasalid parasite that causes vaginitis in women and urethritis in men through sexual transmission.

    Euglenozoans

    • Euglenozoans are characterized by the presence of a spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella.
    • Kinetoplastids, including Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi, are Euglenozoans that cause African trypanosomiasis (sleeping disease) and American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease), respectively.

    SAR Clade

    • The SAR clade includes several protist groups, including Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians.
    • Apicomplexans, including Plasmodium malariae and Toxoplasma gondii, are part of the Alveolate group.

    Protists in Ecological Communities

    • Symbiotic protists, such as dinoflagellates, play a role in the development of coral reefs.
    • Wood-digesting protists digest cellulose in the gut of termites.
    • Photosynthetic protists are major energy producers in aquatic environments.
    • Pathogenic protists, such as Plasmodium malariae and Pfiesteria shumwayae, can cause diseases and fish kills.

    Classification of Eukaryotes

    • Eukaryotes are divided into several supergroups, including Excavates, SAR, Archaeplastids, and Unikonts.
    • Each supergroup includes several protist groups, as well as fungi and animals.

    Human Pathogenic Protists

    • Several protist groups can cause human diseases, including Diplomonads (Giardia intestinalis), Parabasalids (Trichomonas vaginalis), Euglenozoans (Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi), Apicomplexans (Plasmodium malariae and Toxoplasma gondii), and Amoebozoans (Entamoeba histolytica and Acanthamoeba).

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    Description

    Learn about the supergroup Excavates, its characteristics, and its subgroups, including Diplomonads, Parabasalids, and Euglenozoans. Discover the unique features of these protozoa and their pathogenic effects.

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