Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides in Type 2 Diabetes
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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones?

  • Slows gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon secretion
  • Mimic the effects of incretin hormones
  • Increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues (correct)
  • Increase insulin release and decrease glucagon secretion

    • Which drug class is indicated for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to insulin?

  • Incretin Mimetics
  • Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors
  • Amylin Analogues (correct)
  • Thiazolidinediones

    • What are the common side effects of Incretin Mimetics?

  • Nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis (correct)
  • Upper respiratory tract infections, headache
  • Hypoglycemia, nausea
  • Edema, weight gain, increased risk of heart failure

    • How are Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors administered?

    <p>Orally, usually once daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class stimulates insulin release and inhibits glucagon secretion by mimicking incretin hormones?

    <p>Incretin Mimetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Amylin Analogues?

    <p>Slows gastric emptying, suppresses glucagon secretion, and reduces appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is commonly associated with Thiazolidinediones?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Incretin Mimetics affect the body?

    <p>Mimic the effects of incretin hormones to stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of administration for Amylin Analogues?

    <p>Subcutaneous injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class is associated with the rare but serious side effect of lactic acidosis?

    <p>Biguanides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of meglitinides?

    <p>Stimulate insulin release similar to sulfonylureas but with a shorter duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class is typically taken with the first bite of each main meal?

    <p>Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common side effect/adverse drug reaction associated with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Gastrointestinal disturbances (flatulence, diarrhea)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells by binding to ATP-sensitive potassium channels?

    <p>Sulfonylureas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class is associated with the side effect of weight gain?

    <p>Sulfonylureas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of administration for biguanides?

    <p>Typically taken with meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class is associated with the side effect of hypoglycemia and weight gain?

    <p>Sulfonylureas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class decreases hepatic glucose production and increases peripheral glucose uptake?

    <p>Biguanides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of administration for Meglitinides?

    <p>Orally before meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class inhibits the absorption of carbohydrates from the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?

    <p>Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells by binding to ATP-sensitive potassium channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class is typically associated with the rare but serious adverse drug reaction of lactic acidosis?

    <p>Biguanides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of administration for Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors?

    <p>With the first bite of each main meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common side effect/adverse drug reaction associated with meglitinides?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class is associated with the rare but serious side effect of pancreatitis?

    <p>Incretin Mimetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of meglitinides?

    <p>Stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells by binding to ATP-sensitive potassium channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class is typically taken with the first bite of each main meal?

    <p>Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common side effect/adverse drug reaction associated with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class is indicated for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to insulin?

    <p>Amylin Analogues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of administration for biguanides?

    <p>Orally, usually once daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Incretin Mimetics affect the body?

    <p>Stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon secretion by mimicking incretin hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class is associated with the rare but serious adverse drug reaction of lactic acidosis?

    <p>Biguanides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of meglitinides?

    <p>Stimulates insulin release similar to sulfonylureas but with a shorter duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of administration for Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors?

    <p>Taken with the first bite of each main meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of administration for biguanides?

    <p>Typically taken with meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Incretin Mimetics affect the body?

    <p>Suppress glucagon secretion and slow gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones?

    <p>Activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) to improve insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common side effect/adverse drug reaction associated with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Gastrointestinal disturbances (flatulence, diarrhea)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class is indicated for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to insulin?

    <p>Incretin Mimetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antidiabetic drug classes is associated with the adverse drug reaction of increased risk of heart failure?

    <p>Thiazolidinediones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of administration for Incretin Mimetics?

    <p>Subcutaneous injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antidiabetic drug classes increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues?

    <p>Thiazolidinediones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common side effect/adverse drug reaction associated with Amylin Analogues?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class inhibits the DPP-4 enzyme to increase insulin release and decrease glucagon secretion?

    <p>Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class typically causes nausea and vomiting as common side effects/adverse drug reactions?

    <p>Incretin Mimetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme to increase insulin release and decrease glucagon secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class is typically administered orally, usually once daily, and is associated with upper respiratory tract infections as a common side effect/adverse drug reaction?

    <p>Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for Amylin Analogues?

    <p>Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (adjunct to insulin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of administration for Amylin Analogues?

    <p>Subcutaneous injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class is typically associated with the rare but serious adverse drug reaction of lactic acidosis?

    <p>Thiazolidinediones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Amylin Analogues affect the body?

    <p>Slows gastric emptying, suppresses glucagon secretion, and reduces appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug class typically causes nausea and vomiting as common side effects/adverse drug reactions?

    <p>Incretin Mimetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common side effect/adverse drug reaction associated with Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Sulfonylureas, Meglitinides, Biguanides, Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors, Thiazolidinediones, Incretin Mimetics, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors are various classes of medications used to manage Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    • Greatly detailed summaries for each class:
    • Sulfonylureas: Indicated for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, stimulate insulin release by binding to ATP-sensitive potassium channels, side effects include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and gastrointestinal disturbances, typically taken orally before meals, examples include glyburide, glipizide, and glimepiride.
    • Meglitinides: Similar to sulfonylureas, stimulate insulin release but with a shorter duration of action, indicated for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, side effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain, usually taken before meals, examples include repaglinide and nateglinide.
    • Biguanides: Decrease hepatic glucose production and increase peripheral glucose uptake, indicated for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, side effects include gastrointestinal upset and lactic acidosis, typically taken with meals, examples include metformin.
    • Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Inhibit carbohydrate absorption, indicated for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, taken with the first bite of each main meal, examples include acarbose and miglitol.
    • Thiazolidinediones: Increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, indicated for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, side effects include edema, weight gain, and increased risk of heart failure, orally taken usually once daily, examples include pioglitazone and rosiglitazone.
    • Incretin Mimetics: Mimic the effects of incretin hormones, stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon secretion, indicated for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, side effects include nausea, vomiting, and pancreatitis, administered by subcutaneous injection, examples include exenatide and liraglutide.
    • Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: Increase insulin release and decrease glucagon secretion, indicated for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, side effects include upper respiratory tract infections and headache, orally taken usually once daily, examples include sitagliptin and saxagliptin.
    • Amylin Analogues: Slows gastric emptying, suppress glucagon secretion, and reduce appetite, indicated for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to insulin, side effects include hypoglycemia and nausea, administered by subcutaneous injection, examples include pramlintide.

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    Description

    Explore the indications, mechanisms of action, side effects, and administration methods of sulfonylureas and meglitinides used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Learn about their generic names and their role in stimulating insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.

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