Sulfonamide Antibiotics
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Questions and Answers

Which type of bacteria is this antibiotic effective against?

  • Anaerobes
  • Gram-positive bacteria
  • Aerobic gram-negative organisms (correct)
  • All of the above

    • What is the name of the combinations used to manage complicated infections?

  • Beta-lactam and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations (correct)
  • Siderophore-conjugated cephalosporins and monobactams
  • Penicillin-binding proteins
  • Peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors

    • What is the main function of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells?

  • Provides mechanical stability to the cell wall (correct)
  • Facilitates cell movement
  • Regulates cell growth and division
  • Maintains the cell shape

    • What is the structure of peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Thick and made of multiple layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of beta-lactam antibiotics on peptidoglycan synthesis?

    <p>They inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the targets of beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Penicillin-binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of food on the oral absorption of antibiotics?

    <p>Food can affect oral absorption of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of beta-lactam antibiotics binding to penicillin-binding proteins?

    <p>Inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of the structure of sulfonamide antibiotics?

    <p>N4 amine group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of sulfonamides?

    <p>They competitively inhibit the synthesis of folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of sulfonamides based on?

    <p>Their half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell when the process of tetracyclines is halted?

    <p>It can no longer maintain proper functioning and will be unable to grow or further replicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of sulfonamides?

    <p>Preventing UTIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the effect of tetracyclines on bacterial cells?

    <p>Bacteriostatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are human cells unaffected by sulfonamides?

    <p>They utilize preformed folic acid from the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sensitivity pattern of sulfonamides among microbes?

    <p>Time-dependent and place-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a growing concern regarding tetracycline antibiotics?

    <p>The emergence of bacterial strains resistant to them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are bacterial genes that are resistant to tetracyclines often encoded?

    <p>On plasmids or transferable elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of bacterial resistance to sulfonamides?

    <p>Decreased susceptibility to other antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one mechanism of resistance to tetracyclines?

    <p>Altering ribosomal protection proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of sulfonamides?

    <p>Bacteriostatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of oral tetracycline absorption?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What decreases the absorption of tetracyclines when administered?

    <p>Multivalent cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do tetracyclines have poor penetration?

    <p>Cerebral spinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of choice for respiratory infections caused by pneumocystis jiroveci and Nocardia asteroides?

    <p>Cotrimoxazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pregnancy category of chloramphenicol?

    <p>Category C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of sulfonamide and cotrimoxazole?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should cotrimoxazole be avoided during pregnancy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol be monitored?

    <p>Especially in the elderly, children, and those with hepatic impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic range of chloramphenicol?

    <p>15 to 25 mg/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Inhibition of cell wall formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should female patients have pregnancy tests before starting chloramphenicol?

    <p>To ensure they are not pregnant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of the total antibiotic market accounted for by beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ring structure found in beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>4-membered cyclic amide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of aplastic anemia?

    <p>Excessive tiredness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common route of administration associated with fatal overdoses of chloramphenicol?

    <p>Intravenous administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the group of antibiotics that includes penicillin, cephalosporins, and monobactams?

    <p>Beta-lactam antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the dose of cotrimoxazole be reduced in patients with renal disease?

    <p>To prevent ureamia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition caused by chloramphenicol toxicity in infants?

    <p>Grey baby syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are preterm neonates more likely to be affected by chloramphenicol toxicity?

    <p>Because their liver is immature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sulfonamide Antibiotics

    • Sulfonamide antibiotics have an N4 amine group in their structure, which contributes to their higher incidence of allergic-type reactions.
    • They are bacteriostatic in nature, acting as antimetabolites, and were the first antimicrobial agents used against pyrogenic bacteria.

    Classification of Sulfonamides

    • Sulfonamides are classified based on their half-life:
      • Short-acting (4-8 hours): e.g., Sulfadiazine
      • Intermediate-acting (8-12 hours): e.g., Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfamoxazole
      • Long-acting (7 days): e.g., Sulfadoxine, Sulfamethapyrazine
      • Special-purpose sulfonamides: e.g., Sulfacetamide, Sulfasalazine, Silver sulfadiazine

    Mode of Action of Sulfonamides

    • Sulfonamides inhibit bacterial folate synthase, which leads to the inhibition of folate formation.
    • They competitively inhibit the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid, which is essential for bacterial growth.
    • Human cells, which require preformed folic acid, are unaffected by sulfonamides.

    Antibacterial Spectrum of Sulfonamides

    • Sulfonamides are primarily bacteriostatic against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
    • In higher concentrations, they may act as bactericidal.
    • They are sensitive to Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenza, and Vibrio cholerae.
    • They are primarily used to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs).

    Resistance to Sulfonamides

    • Most bacteria can develop resistance to sulfonamides.
    • Resistance is common in upper and lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs), Haemophilus influenza, and chronic bronchitis.

    Adverse Effects of Sulfonamides

    • All adverse effects of sulfonamides can be produced by cotrimoxazole.
    • Folate deficiency (megaloblastic anemia) and blood dyscrasias can occur.
    • Caution should be taken when administering sulfonamides to pregnant women, elderly people, and patients with renal disease.

    Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

    • Beta-lactam antibiotics contain a 4-membered cyclic amide (β-lactam ring).
    • They include penicillins, cephalosporins, thienamycins, clavulanic acid, nocardicins, and monobactams.

    Mechanism of Action of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

    • Beta-lactam antibiotics inhibit the last step in peptidoglycan synthesis by acylating the transpeptidase involved in cross-linking peptides to form peptidoglycan.
    • They target penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), leading to the loss of viability and lysis of bacterial cells.

    Administration of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

    • Oral administration can be affected by food, and oral absorption occurs primarily in the stomach, duodenum, and small intestine.
    • Topical, intramuscular (IM), and intravenous (IV) forms of the medication are also available.

    Resistance to Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

    • Bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is a growing concern.
    • Mechanisms of resistance include alteration in ribosomal protection proteins, efflux pumps, and tetracycline modification.

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    Description

    Learn about sulfonamide antibiotics, their structure, and mechanism of action. Understand their classification based on half-life and examples of short-acting and intermediate-acting sulfonamides.

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