Sugar: The Simplest Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is sucrose?

A polysaccharide

An organic compound with a -OH group

A monosaccharide

A disaccharide containing one glucose and one fructose molecule (correct)

What is photosynthesis?

A process through which plants convert energy from the sun into glucose.

What is caramelization?

Subjecting sugar to high or prolonged heat changes the sugar into a brown liquid.

What is a saccharide?

It is the name given in organic chemistry to all carbohydrates that are classified as sugars. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic structure of carbohydrates?

Cx(H₂O)y Signup and view all the answers

What are monosaccharides?

A simple sugar molecule that cannot be broken down into a smaller molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydroxyl group?

An oxygen and hydrogen atom bonded together, represented by the chemical formula -OH. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disaccharide?

Two monosaccharides joined together. Signup and view all the answers

What is insulin?

A hormone produced by the pancreas that allows glucose to move into the cells for energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is an interfering agent?

A substance used in candy making to prevent or slow crystal growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is alcohol in chemistry?

An organic compound that contains at least one -OH group. Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrolysis?

A process when disaccharides and other large molecules are divided into smaller parts by adding water. Signup and view all the answers

What is lactose?

The sugar found in milk, which is a disaccharide composed of one glucose and one galactose molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What is fructose?

A monosaccharide that is found widely in fruits and honey. Signup and view all the answers

What is invert sugar?

A mixture of glucose and fructose that results from the hydrolysis of sucrose. Signup and view all the answers

What is diabetes mellitus?

A disease characterized by the body's inability to move glucose from the bloodstream to the cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is glycogen?

The body stores carbohydrates as multi-branched chains of glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What is glucose?

The basic energy source of humans; a monosaccharide that is the most abundant of the sugars. Signup and view all the answers

What is a candy thermometer?

Used to determine accurate temperatures in candy making. Signup and view all the answers

What is a heavy saucepan used for?

To help prevent scorching when making candy. Signup and view all the answers

What is a microwave used for in cooking?

Works well for making both types of candy. Signup and view all the answers

What are sugars?

The simple carbohydrates. Signup and view all the answers

What are starches and fibers?

Complex carbohydrates. Signup and view all the answers

What are carbohydrates composed of?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What does photosynthesis require?

Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll, and sunlight. Signup and view all the answers

What is chlorophyll?

A green pigment found only in plants. Signup and view all the answers

What do plants convert during photosynthesis?

Radiant energy to chemical energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is galactose?

Found only in animals and humans; one of the basic sugars found in milk. Signup and view all the answers

What is sucrose commonly known as?

Table sugar. Signup and view all the answers

Where is lactose found?

In dairy products. Signup and view all the answers

What is maltose?

Found in grain products; malt sugar and it is the least sweet. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when food contains single sugars?

They absorb rapidly into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Carbohydrate Terms

Sucrose: A disaccharide comprising one glucose and one fructose molecule. Commonly known as table sugar.
Monosaccharides: Simple sugar molecules that cannot be further broken down without altering their basic structure. Examples include glucose and fructose.
Disaccharide: Formed by two monosaccharides joined together, such as sucrose (glucose + fructose) and lactose (glucose + galactose).
Lactose: A disaccharide sugar found in milk, made of one glucose and one galactose molecule.
Maltose: A disaccharide known as malt sugar, derived from grains, and is the least sweet of the common sugars.

Processes and Reactions

Photosynthesis: A process by which plants convert sunlight energy into glucose, requiring carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll, and sunlight. It transforms radiant energy into chemical energy.
Caramelization: The process of heating sugar, leading to the formation of a brown liquid through high or prolonged heat exposure.
Hydrolysis: A reaction where disaccharides and larger molecules are divided into smaller units by adding water, resulting in the production of monosaccharides.

Biological Functions and Compounds

Insulin: A hormone produced by the pancreas that facilitates the transport of glucose into the cells for use as energy.
Glycogen: The form in which the body stores carbohydrates, consisting of multi-branched chains of glucose.
Diabetes Mellitus: A condition characterized by the body's inability to transfer glucose from the bloodstream into the cells.

Chemical Structure and Composition

Carbohydrates: Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), following the general structure Cx(H₂O)y. They can be categorized into simple carbohydrates (sugars) and complex carbohydrates (starches and fibers).
Hydroxyl Group: A functional group (-OH) that consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, often found in alcohols and sugars.
Invert Sugar: A mixture of glucose and fructose created by hydrolyzing sucrose.

Cooking and Preparation Tools

Candy Thermometer: A tool used to measure the precise temperature needed for candy making.
Heavy Saucepan: A kitchen tool designed to distribute heat evenly and prevent scorching during cooking.
Microwave: Effective for creating various types of candy due to its ability to heat ingredients evenly.

Additional Sugar Types and Sources

Fructose: A naturally occurring monosaccharide found abundantly in fruits and honey; sweeter than glucose.
Galactose: A sugar found in milk and dairy products, primarily present in the form of lactose.
Sugars: Encompasses all simple carbohydrates which are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream.

Absorption and Impact

Single Sugars: Foods containing monosaccharides are absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream, leading to quick energy availability.

Practical Examples

Table Sugar: A common name for sucrose, used widely as a sweetener.
Dairy Products: Contain lactose, the sugar that contributes to their sweetness.
Grain Products: Source of maltose, which has a less sweet profile compared to other sugars.

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Description

Explore the basic concepts of sugar and carbohydrates through flashcards. This quiz covers key terms like sucrose, photosynthesis, and caramelization, expanding your understanding of these essential topics in biology and chemistry. Perfect for students looking to enhance their knowledge of carbohydrates!