Substitution Reactions in Alkanes

A chemical reaction where an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group.

Alkanes reacting with halogens, like chlorine or bromine, to replace hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms.

A type of substitution reaction where the mechanism involves free radicals as intermediates.

The step in a reaction mechanism where a molecule is broken down into reactive free radicals.

Steps in a reaction mechanism that continue the chain reaction, forming desired products and regenerating reactive intermediates.

The step in a reaction mechanism where reactive intermediates combine to form stable products, stopping the chain reaction.

A reaction that continues because a product in one step becomes a reactant in another step, producing a chain effect.

Ultraviolet light is needed to initiate the halogenation of alkanes by breaking the halogen molecules into free radicals.

A reaction where one step creates intermediates that cause subsequent reactions, leading to a rapid increase in product formation.

Adding free radicals increases the speed of certain reactions involving free radicals, because they are crucial intermediates in this type of reaction.

The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to produce an ester, catalyzed by sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).

A reaction where two or more molecules add across a double or triple bond, forming a single molecule with a change in geometry.

The process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated vegetable oils, converting them into saturated fats, often to improve their texture or stability.

Distortion of electron distribution in a molecule (e.g., Br₂) caused by the proximity of another molecule or ion (e.g., ethane), resulting in temporary charges.

Breaking of a covalent bond where the bonding electrons are unequally distributed, resulting in the formation of ions.

An addition reaction where a molecule adds across a double bond involving ions like a carbonium ion, and the attack of an anion to form a new molecule.

Ketones do not react with Fehling's solution, showing no oxidation.

Uses silver nitrate/ammonia solution and heating to test aldehydes for oxidation.

Magnesium reacts with acid, producing fizzing and a gentle 'pop'.

Sodium carbonate reacts with a lighted taper, extinguishing it, and turning limewater milky.

Charged particles in a magnetic field are deflected differently based on their mass, separating them.

Vaporization, ionization, acceleration, and separation are the four primary steps of mass spectrometry.

Ethene reacts with chlorine to form 1,2-dichloroethane and heating breaks it down further into chloroethene for polymerisation to PVC(Poly Vinyl Chloride).

A technique used to identify and quantify different molecules in a sample by measuring their mass-to-charge ratio.

A graph that shows the relative abundance of ions of different mass-to-charge ratios in a sample.

A point on the mass spectrum representing a specific ion with its corresponding mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance.

A separation technique that uses a stationary phase and a mobile phase to separate components of a mixture based on their different affinities for the two phases.

A type of chromatography using chromatography paper as the stationary phase and a solvent as the mobile phase.

A type of chromatography using a packed column as the stationary phase and a solvent as the mobile phase.

A type of chromatography that uses a gaseous mobile phase and a stationary phase to separate volatile components in a mixture.

The process of washing a substance through a column using a solvent to separate components.

A simple chemical test to distinguish ethanoic acid from ethanol using acidified potassium permanganate, which will not cause a colour change in ethanoic acid.

A test to determine if a compound contains a carbon-carbon double or triple bond by reacting it with a bromine solution. A color change from brown to colorless indicates unsaturation.

A pure compound has a sharp melting point range, while an impure compound has a wider range. The wider the range, the more impurities are present.

The ideal solvent for recrystallization allows the compound to be highly soluble in hot solvent but minimally soluble in cold solvent, facilitating purification by crystal formation.

A technique that separates components of a mixture based on their different boiling points. The components are vaporized and passed through a column containing a stationary phase, separating the components as they travel through the column.

The material inside the column in gas chromatography. It's typically a solid or a viscous liquid coated onto a solid support. The components in the mixture interact with the stationary phase differently based on their volatility.

The inert gas that carries the vaporized components through the column in gas chromatography.

A similar technique to GC, but uses a liquid mobile phase under high pressure to separate components through a tightly packed column.

The material inside the column in HPLC, typically a solid or a liquid immobilized on a solid support.

The liquid solvent under high pressure that carries the components through the column in HPLC.

A technique that identifies organic compounds by analyzing how they absorb infrared radiation at different frequencies. Different bond types absorb specific frequencies, creating a unique fingerprint for each compound.

A technique that analyzes how a compound absorbs ultraviolet light at different wavelengths. Like IR, it creates a fingerprint for each compound. Additionally, it can measure the concentration of the compound.