Chemical Reactions: Substitution & Mechanisms

A chemical reaction where an atom or group of atoms are replaced by another.

Alkanes reacting with halogens (like chlorine) to form haloalkanes, which are alkanes with some hydrogens replaced by halogens.

Step-by-step, detailed explanation of a chemical reaction.

A type of substitution reaction that involves free radicals as intermediates.

A reaction that keeps going because the products from one step make reactants for another.

When one hydrogen atom from the original molecule is replaced by one halogen atom.

Ultraviolet light is required to start free radical substitution reactions, breaking existing bonds.

An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron.

A reaction where one step creates intermediates that cause further reactions, leading to many product molecules.

Reactions involving free radicals (unpaired electrons) are sped up by adding free radicals.

Combines a carboxylic acid and alcohol, using H2SO4 as a catalyst, to produce an ester.

A reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a single molecule, usually across a double or triple bond.

Converting unsaturated vegetable oils into saturated fats by adding hydrogen to double bonds.

Distortion of electron distribution in a molecule (like Br2) due to proximity to another molecule, making it more reactive.

Breaking a bond to form positive and negative ions.

A positively charged carbon atom formed when a molecule like Br2 approaches and breaks a double bond

Ketones do not react with Fehling's solution, showing no oxidation.

Magnesium reacts with an acid or water producing bubbles (fizzing) and a sound.

Sodium carbonate turns a litmus test paper towards a blue colour, showing its basic property and extinguishing a lighted taper.

Mass spectrometry separates charged particles based on their mass differences when in a magnetic field.

The initial stage in mass spectrometry where the sample is converted to a gas.

High-energy electrons convert neutral sample particles into positively charged ions.

Positive ions are accelerated by an electric field, increasing their speed to a high rate.

A magnetic field separates these charged particles based on their unique masses.

A technique used to identify and quantify different molecules in a sample by separating them based on their mass-to-charge ratio.

A graph that displays the abundance of ions of different masses, showing peaks corresponding to each ion's mass-to-charge ratio.

Represents the relative abundance of particles with a specific mass-to-charge ratio.

A separation technique that separates components of a mixture based on their different affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase.

The fixed material in a chromatography system, which interacts selectively with the components of the mixture being separated.

The fluid or gas that carries the mixture through the stationary phase in chromatography.

A type of chromatography where the stationary phase is chromatography paper and the mobile phase is a liquid solvent.

The process of eluting a substance from a stationary phase in column chromatography by passing a mobile phase (eluent) through the column.

A simple chemical test to differentiate ethanoic acid from ethanol involves adding acidified potassium permanganate. If there is no color change, the liquid is ethanoic acid. If there is a color change, the liquid is ethanol.

To prove a gas sample is unsaturated, you can add bromine solution. If the bromine solution changes color from brown to colorless, the gas is unsaturated. This is due to the bromine reacting with the double bond present in the unsaturated hydrocarbon.

A pure compound has a sharp melting point, while an impure compound has a wider melting range. This is because impurities disrupt the crystal lattice, causing the compound to melt over a broader temperature range.

For recrystallization, a solvent that dissolves the compound well when hot, but poorly when cold is ideal. This allows the compound to crystallize upon cooling, leaving impurities behind in the solution.

A technique used to separate different components of a mixture based on their different boiling points. It involves a mobile phase (inert carrier gas) and a stationary phase (coated silica gel in a coiled column).

A technique used to identify and quantify different components in a mixture by measuring their mass-to-charge ratio. Often used in conjunction with GC to analyze separated components.

A technique used to identify organic compounds by analyzing their absorption of infrared radiation at different frequencies. Different bonds within a molecule absorb specific IR frequencies, creating a unique 'fingerprint' for each compound.

A technique used to identify and quantify organic compounds by analyzing their absorption of ultraviolet light at different wavelengths. Like IR, it creates a unique 'fingerprint' for each compound. It can also measure the concentration of the compound, making it quantitative.

The material that remains fixed in a chromatography system, like the silica gel in GC or paper in paper chromatography, and interacts with the components of the mixture.

The material that moves through a chromatography system, like the gas in GC or the liquid in HPLC, carrying the components of the mixture.