Substitution and Addition Reactions

A reaction where one step produces something that starts the next step, repeating the process.

Adding free radicals speeds up reactions involving free radicals.

Reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, using sulfuric acid as a catalyst, to form an ester.

Two or more molecules combine to form a single molecule, typically on a double or triple bond.

An addition reaction used to turn vegetable oils into more solid fats.

Distortion of electron distribution in a molecule when a different molecule approaches, making one side slightly positive and the other negative.

A molecule splitting into positively and negatively charged parts (ions).

An addition reaction where the attacking species and the target molecule both become ions and react, forming a carbonium ion before an ion to the target.

A polymer is a long molecule made of many small molecules (monomers) joined together.

The part of a polymer that repeats to form the whole chain, excluding the end groups.

A reaction where a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule, creating a double bond.

Ethene can be made from ethanol by removing water (elimination reaction).

When a primary alcohol reacts with an oxidizer, it forms an aldehyde, losing hydrogen atoms.

A secondary alcohol reacts with acidified sodium dichromate to form a ketone.

Aldehydes can be changed back to alcohols by using hydrogen and a nickel catalyst.

In a reaction with bromine water and added chloride ions, sometimes other products are formed including 1-bromo-2-chloroethane and 2-bromoethanol

A technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.

A graph that displays the relative abundance of different masses of particles.

A separation technique using a stationary and mobile phase.

A chromatography type using paper as a stationary phase and a solvent as a mobile phase.

The stationary material in chromatography.

The moving liquid or gas that carries the mixture in chromatography.

The process of passing a solvent (eluent) through a column in chromatography.

A chromatography technique using a gaseous mobile phase.

Heating a reaction mixture while continuously condensing and returning vapors back to the reaction vessel.

A chemical reaction that breaks down fats (like glyceryl tristearate) into soap and glycerol, using a strong base like sodium hydroxide.

Separating components of a mixture based on their different boiling points by vaporizing and condensing them.

Concentrated saltwater solution used to precipitate soap.

Glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) is the other main product formed along with soap during saponification.

Finding the highest possible amount of product that can be made from a given amount of reactants.

Sodium stearate (soap) has a long non-polar hydrocarbon chain that dissolves oils and an ionic head (COO^-Na+) that attracts salts and polar molecules in sweat.

The ratio of the distance traveled by a substance to the distance traveled by the solvent in a chromatography experiment.

A technique used to separate components of a mixture based on their different boiling points. It uses a carrier gas (mobile phase) to move the mixture through a column packed with a stationary phase.

A combination of Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. After separating components by GC, each component is passed through a Mass Spectrometer, which identifies each component by its mass-to-charge ratio.

A technique similar to GC, but uses a liquid solvent (mobile phase) under high pressure to move the mixture through a column packed with a stationary phase. It's useful for separating components with similar boiling points or those that decompose at high temperatures.

A tightly packed material, often coated silica gel, that interacts with the components of the mixture based on their chemical properties. It's similar to GC, but tailored for liquid mobile phases.

A liquid solvent, like ethanol, under high pressure that pushes the mixture through the column. It's chosen based on the properties of the components to be separated.

A technique that measures the absorption of infrared radiation by a compound. Different types of bonds in molecules absorb specific frequencies of IR light, creating a unique fingerprint for each compound.

A test for the presence of aldehydes. It involves reacting the compound with Fehling's solution, a mixture of copper(II) sulfate and sodium hydroxide. If the compound is an aldehyde, it will be oxidized to a carboxylic acid, and a red precipitate of copper(I) oxide will form.

A solution of silver nitrate and ammonia used to detect aldehydes. In this reagent, the silver ions are reduced to metallic silver by an aldehyde, creating a silver mirror on the inside of the test tube.

A positive Tollen's test indicates the presence of an aldehyde. The aldehyde is oxidized to a carboxylic acid, and the silver ions are reduced to metallic silver, forming a silver mirror.

A reaction involving a magnesium strip placed in a test tube with a solution of the compound. Fizzing and a pop sound indicate the presence of an acid.

A reaction where sodium carbonate is added to a solution of the compound. If the lighted taper is extinguished and limewater turns milky white, it indicates the presence of carbon dioxide.

A process where a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by heating it. This is a critical step in the production of chloroethene from 1,2-dichloroethane.

A process where many small molecules (monomers) join together to form a large chain-like molecule (polymer). PVC is formed by polymerizing chloroethene.