Substance Use Disorders Overview

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What is the only solution possible for someone who has become addicted to a substance?

Social use with restrictions

Controlled use of the substance

Periodic use under supervision

Total abstinence from the substance (correct)

What is referred to as a lapse in substance use recovery?

A complete return to substance use

Using a substance once or for a short period (correct)

Completely avoiding triggers and high-risk situations

Failing to engage in treatment

How are relapse rates for substance use disorders compared to other chronic diseases?

Similar to that of diabetes and hypertension (correct)

Completely different and not comparable

Higher than that of asthma

Lower than most other chronic diseases

What does the phrase 'once an alcoholic, always an alcoholic' imply?

Addiction is a chronic condition that cannot be cured, only managed Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trigger for relapse in individuals recovering from substance use disorders?

Experiencing high-stress situations Signup and view all the answers

How is addiction best described in terms of its nature?

A chronic brain disease that can be treated but not cured Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of any chronic disease, including substance use disorder?

They often involve a relapsing nature Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary purposes of administering oral methadone to persons dependent on heroin?

To prevent withdrawal symptoms and assist in rehabilitation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common route of administration for heroin that enhances its pleasure-inducing effects?

Inhalation through a pipe or straw Signup and view all the answers

Why are morphine and similar drugs often injected or smoked by drug dependents?

They are less effective when administered orally. Signup and view all the answers

What role does Buprenorphine play in the treatment of heroin dependency?

It is used as a substitution therapy for heroin dependence. Signup and view all the answers

How do small amounts of drugs like morphine affect the brain despite poor distribution?

Minute amounts can be sufficient to cause an effect. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fastest route for a psychoactive substance to enter the bloodstream?

Inhaling Signup and view all the answers

How is alcohol primarily absorbed into the bloodstream?

Directly from the stomach Signup and view all the answers

Which route involves the slowest absorption into the bloodstream?

Topical application Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT associated with psychoactive substance absorption in a few minutes?

Intramuscular injection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of absorption for substances administered via the rectal route?

Through the rectal wall Signup and view all the answers

Which route is specifically mentioned for both cocaine and inhalants?

Snorting Signup and view all the answers

What absorption route allows a substance to bypass the liver before entering the bloodstream?

Sublingual administration Signup and view all the answers

Which inhalation method provides the quickest onset of effects for psychoactive substances?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of substances administered through a nicotine patch?

Absorbs through the skin slowly Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with muscle contraction and memory regulation?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

What impact does GABA have on the body?

Produces sleep Signup and view all the answers

How do PAS specifically influence the reward pathway in the brain?

They increase dopamine levels significantly. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of prolonged PAS use over time regarding dopamine production?

Decreased overall dopamine production. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily linked to mood regulation?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the reward circuit is activated in the brain?

Pleasurable feelings are experienced and actions are remembered. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is specifically involved in learning and memory functions?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response does norepinephrine facilitate in the peripheral nervous system?

Fight or flight response Signup and view all the answers

How does the body respond to the sustained high levels of dopamine due to PAS use?

It reduces the number of receptors and dopamine production. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effect associated with serotonin?

Enhancement of sensory perception Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the first pass effect on substances taken in the form of tablets or liquids?

Reduces the pharmacological effect before entering circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows alcohol to bypass the first pass effect?

Diffusion directly into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

How is metabolism primarily carried out in the body?

By the liver converting substances into metabolites Signup and view all the answers

What does zero order transmission refer to in terms of alcohol metabolism?

Alcohol is metabolized at a constant rate irrespective of the amount consumed Signup and view all the answers

What determines the elimination rate of substances other than alcohol?

The dose dependency of the substance Signup and view all the answers

What does the term half-life refer to in pharmacology?

The duration required to eliminate half of the original dose of a substance Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the effect of a short half-life substance?

The drug effects will be felt for a short duration and leave the body quickly Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily responsible for connecting different parts of the brain and spinal cord?

Central Nervous System (CNS) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the elimination pathways through which substances are moreso discharged from the body?

Primarily through urine or faeces Signup and view all the answers