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Questions and Answers
What percentage of vulnerability to developing an addiction is attributed to genetics?
What percentage of vulnerability to developing an addiction is attributed to genetics?
- 10-20%
- 40-60% (correct)
- 30-40%
- 20-30%
The American Psychiatric Association recognizes only five classes of drugs associated with substance-related disorders.
The American Psychiatric Association recognizes only five classes of drugs associated with substance-related disorders.
False (B)
What describes a negative emotional state that may occur when access to a drug is prevented?
What describes a negative emotional state that may occur when access to a drug is prevented?
dysphoria
Addiction is characterized by a compulsion to seek and take the drug, loss of control in limiting intake, and emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is __________.
Addiction is characterized by a compulsion to seek and take the drug, loss of control in limiting intake, and emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is __________.
Match each element of Substance Use Disorder with its description:
Match each element of Substance Use Disorder with its description:
Which of the following is NOT a class of drugs linked to substance-related disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a class of drugs linked to substance-related disorders?
Substance Use Disorder has historically been viewed as a disease of the brain.
Substance Use Disorder has historically been viewed as a disease of the brain.
Name one effective delivery technique for substances that may contribute to addiction.
Name one effective delivery technique for substances that may contribute to addiction.
Genetic predisposition can include deficiencies such as the D2 autoreceptor __________.
Genetic predisposition can include deficiencies such as the D2 autoreceptor __________.
Which term describes the condition of being unable to stop using a drug despite harmful consequences?
Which term describes the condition of being unable to stop using a drug despite harmful consequences?
What does Schedule III recognizing marijuana mean?
What does Schedule III recognizing marijuana mean?
Schedule III legalizes marijuana federally.
Schedule III legalizes marijuana federally.
What is the gateway theory related to drug use?
What is the gateway theory related to drug use?
The need to take ______ amounts of a drug due to increased tolerance is a sign of addiction.
The need to take ______ amounts of a drug due to increased tolerance is a sign of addiction.
Match the concepts with their definitions:
Match the concepts with their definitions:
What is NOT a factor contributing to the 'rush' effect when using drugs?
What is NOT a factor contributing to the 'rush' effect when using drugs?
The pattern of drug use remains constant over time according to the escalation theory.
The pattern of drug use remains constant over time according to the escalation theory.
What defines craving in the context of addiction?
What defines craving in the context of addiction?
Increased use of substances often leads to _______ and negative affects like irritability.
Increased use of substances often leads to _______ and negative affects like irritability.
Which substance is considered a legal gateway drug?
Which substance is considered a legal gateway drug?
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Study Notes
Substance Use Disorder
- Characterized by cravings, avoidance of withdrawal, adaptations in neurobiology and neuropharmacology and environmental and genetic factors.
- 40-60% of vulnerability to developing an addiction is due to genetics.
- Often viewed as a disease of "weak personality" but now recognized as a disease of the brain.
- Characterized by compulsion to use the drug, loss of control in limiting intake, and negative emotional states when access to the drug is prevented.
Substance-Related Disorders
- The American Psychiatric Association identifies 10 classes of drugs linked to substance-related disorders:
- Alcohol
- Caffeine
- Cannabis
- Hallucinogens
- Inhalants
- Opioids
- Sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytic
- Stimulants
- Tobacco
- Other substances
Scheduling of Drugs
- Schedule III for marijuana does not legalize it federally, but it recognizes a medical benefit, facilitates research, allows IRS tax deductions for cannabis companies, and may be completed by November.
Progression in Drug Use
- Gateway theory:
- Transition from legal substances (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, prescriptions) to those with higher abuse potential (e.g., marijuana, cocaine, heroin).
- Escalation and pattern use theory:
- Change in amount taken and pattern of use over time for drugs with abuse liabilities.
- Initially, drug use is associated with feelings of reward/pleasure.
- This leads to preoccupation and anticipation of use, requiring larger amounts (tolerance) and potential bingeing.
- Addiction is characterized by:
- Withdrawal and negative affect (depressed mood, irritability).
- Craving (strong urge to take the drug).
- Chronic relapsing.
Positive Reinforcement
- Substances must induce a "reinforcing" effect to encourage repeat use.
- The "rush" is a key factor and is influenced by:
- Drug properties (purity, potency).
- Delivery mechanisms (need for "quick hit" to the brain, intravenous).
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