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Questions and Answers
What are the potential neurological symptoms associated with chronic thiamine deficiency due to alcohol use?
What are the potential neurological symptoms associated with chronic thiamine deficiency due to alcohol use?
What is a significant risk of heavy alcohol consumption during adolescence and early adulthood?
What is a significant risk of heavy alcohol consumption during adolescence and early adulthood?
Which of the following best describes the withdrawal effects of benzodiazepines and barbiturates in comparison to alcohol?
Which of the following best describes the withdrawal effects of benzodiazepines and barbiturates in comparison to alcohol?
What class of disorder does the DSM-5 categorize problematic misuse of sedatives and tranquilizers?
What class of disorder does the DSM-5 categorize problematic misuse of sedatives and tranquilizers?
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What are the consequences of combining benzodiazepines or barbiturates with alcohol?
What are the consequences of combining benzodiazepines or barbiturates with alcohol?
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What influences the specific symptoms of intoxication experienced by a user?
What influences the specific symptoms of intoxication experienced by a user?
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Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing a substance use disorder according to DSM-5?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing a substance use disorder according to DSM-5?
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What is the primary distinction between acute and chronic substance intoxication?
What is the primary distinction between acute and chronic substance intoxication?
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How is the severity of a substance use disorder determined?
How is the severity of a substance use disorder determined?
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What characterizes substance withdrawal symptoms?
What characterizes substance withdrawal symptoms?
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Which factor does NOT affect the diagnosis of substance intoxication?
Which factor does NOT affect the diagnosis of substance intoxication?
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What is the relationship between substance use disorder and addiction as defined in the DSM-5?
What is the relationship between substance use disorder and addiction as defined in the DSM-5?
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Which psychiatric disorders are most commonly comorbid with substance dependence?
Which psychiatric disorders are most commonly comorbid with substance dependence?
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What is the effect of low doses of depressants on an individual?
What is the effect of low doses of depressants on an individual?
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What is suggested by the high comorbidity of substance use disorders with psychiatric disorders?
What is suggested by the high comorbidity of substance use disorders with psychiatric disorders?
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Which of the following classes of drugs does NOT include a hallucinogen?
Which of the following classes of drugs does NOT include a hallucinogen?
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What effect does increasing alcohol consumption have on mood?
What effect does increasing alcohol consumption have on mood?
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Which of the following substances is identified as having both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties?
Which of the following substances is identified as having both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties?
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What are the potential consequences of heavy doses of alcohol?
What are the potential consequences of heavy doses of alcohol?
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Nicotine can be classified in which of the following ways?
Nicotine can be classified in which of the following ways?
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Which of the following correctly characterizes the role of hallucinogens?
Which of the following correctly characterizes the role of hallucinogens?
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What is a biphasic effect of alcohol consumption?
What is a biphasic effect of alcohol consumption?
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What is alcohol myopia?
What is alcohol myopia?
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What occurs during the first stage of alcohol withdrawal symptoms?
What occurs during the first stage of alcohol withdrawal symptoms?
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How does consuming alcohol on an empty stomach affect absorption?
How does consuming alcohol on an empty stomach affect absorption?
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What correlation can be observed in countries where alcohol is consumed with meals?
What correlation can be observed in countries where alcohol is consumed with meals?
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What is the outcome of the most salient cues in the environment for an intoxicated drinker?
What is the outcome of the most salient cues in the environment for an intoxicated drinker?
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What phase follows after severe convulsive seizures during alcohol withdrawal?
What phase follows after severe convulsive seizures during alcohol withdrawal?
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What percentage of fatal car accidents are alcohol-related?
What percentage of fatal car accidents are alcohol-related?
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Which condition is defined as a type of amnesia occurring after alcohol intoxication?
Which condition is defined as a type of amnesia occurring after alcohol intoxication?
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Which of the following correctly describes how alcohol consumption may influence behavior in a sociable environment?
Which of the following correctly describes how alcohol consumption may influence behavior in a sociable environment?
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What is the primary factor that may lead to a higher risk of death from delirium tremens (DT)?
What is the primary factor that may lead to a higher risk of death from delirium tremens (DT)?
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Which demographic group is statistically more likely to experience alcohol use disorders?
Which demographic group is statistically more likely to experience alcohol use disorders?
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Which of the following statements regarding binge drinking is true?
Which of the following statements regarding binge drinking is true?
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What health issues are commonly associated with heavy alcohol use?
What health issues are commonly associated with heavy alcohol use?
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How does aging affect alcohol metabolism and its effects?
How does aging affect alcohol metabolism and its effects?
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What psychological factors are associated with alcohol-related problems?
What psychological factors are associated with alcohol-related problems?
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What percentage of individuals with severe alcohol use disorder experience seizures or delirium tremens (DT)?
What percentage of individuals with severe alcohol use disorder experience seizures or delirium tremens (DT)?
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Why do older individuals have an increased risk of becoming intoxicated from alcohol?
Why do older individuals have an increased risk of becoming intoxicated from alcohol?
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What drinking behavior is classified as heavy episodic drinking?
What drinking behavior is classified as heavy episodic drinking?
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What is one of the most common medical conditions linked to alcohol misuse?
What is one of the most common medical conditions linked to alcohol misuse?
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Study Notes
Substance Intoxication
- Behavioral and psychological changes from substance use on the central nervous system (CNS)
- Symptoms lessen as substance levels decrease, but can last for hours or days
- Symptoms depend on the substance, amount, timing, tolerance, and context
- Diagnosis is made when symptoms are maladaptive (disrupting relationships, causing problems at work/home/school, or increasing risk of harm)
Substance Withdrawal
- Symptoms occur when substance use is reduced or stopped (after prolonged use)
- Symptoms are often the opposite of intoxication
- Diagnosis requires significant distress or impairment in daily functioning
Substance Use Disorder
- Chronic difficulty resisting the urge to drink or use drugs
- DSM-5 criteria grouped into impaired control, continued use despite negative consequences, risky use, and tolerance/withdrawal
- Diagnosis requires ≥2 symptoms in a year
- Severity classified as mild (2-3 criteria), moderate (4-5 criteria), or severe (≥6 criteria)
- Addiction is synonymous with severe substance use disorder
- DSM-5 recognizes 10 substance classes: alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens (including PCP), inhalants, opioids, sedatives/hypnotics/anxiolytics, stimulants (including amphetamines and cocaine), tobacco, and other substances
Comorbidity
- Substance use disorders are highly comorbid with various psychological disorders
- People with substance dependence often have another psychiatric disorder (53-76% prevalence)
- Psychiatric disorders often precede substance abuse (self-medication)
- Higher rates of substance use disorders in those with bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bulimia, and personality disorders than in the general population
Drug Classes & Intoxication/Withdrawal Symptoms
- (Specific drug information in the following sections)
- Depressants (alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates) in low doses cause relaxation, euphoria, disinhibition; high doses cause stupor/coma; withdrawal symptoms include autonomic hyperactivity, tremor, insomnia, nausea, etc.
- Stimulants (cocaine, amphetamines) cause euphoria, alertness, energy; high doses can cause grandiosity, impulsivity, agitation, anxiety; withdrawal can cause dysphoric mood, fatigue, vivid dreams, etc.
- Opioids (morphine, heroin, codeine) cause euphoria with feelings of warmth and sexual orgasm; high doses can cause unconsciousness, coma; withdrawal symptoms include dysphoria, aches, sensitivity to pain, etc.
- Hallucinogens (LSD, PCP) cause perceptual changes, synesthesia; psychological distress, extreme paranoia & aggression are possible
- Cannabis (THC) has a mild stimulant effect, but impairs short-term memory, motor function, and judgment; physical withdrawal symptoms are less common & related to chronic use pattern.
- Inhalants cause CNS depression; chronic use may cause lung damage, rashes, severe cognitive impairment and liver/kidney problems
- Nicotine is highly addictive; withdrawal causes dysphoric mood, fatigue, insomnia, etc.; chronic heavy cigarette use causes cancer risk, bronchitis.
Alcohol Specifics
- Alcohol myopia: narrowed attention related to intoxication, resulting in focus on immediate & salient cues
- Blackouts: periods of amnesia during intoxication
- Alcohol use patterns: heavy episodic drinking (≥5 drinks for men or ≥4 for women in 2 hours) & heavy drinking (≥5 days a month with binge episodes)
Gambling Disorder
- A behavioral addiction similar to substance use disorders
- Characterized by persistent & recurrent problematic gambling that causes significant distress or impairment
- Symptoms include needing more to achieve excitement, being restless/irritable when trying to stop, unsuccessful attempts to control/stop gambling, preoccupation with gambling, gambling when distressed, returning to gamble after losing money, lying to conceal extent of involvement, jeopardizing relationships etc.
- Treatment often involves CBT to address distorted beliefs & developing new coping strategies to manage impulse control.
Internet Gaming Disorder
- A behavioral addiction on the continuum towards additional conditions
- Persistent engagement with and preoccupation with gaming, tolerance, withdrawal, loss of interest in other activities
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to substance intoxication, withdrawal, and use disorder. Explore the symptoms, diagnosis criteria, and severity classification based on DSM-5 guidelines. Test your understanding of how these aspects impact individuals' lives and functioning.
