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Questions and Answers
What characterizes class societies in terms of social stratification?
Which type of society allows for individuals to fill prestigious positions regardless of status or resources?
Which of the following describes a matrilocal residence pattern?
What does the term 'incest taboo' refer to?
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In which marriage system is a woman allowed to marry multiple men?
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What is the primary economic consideration often associated with marriage in some cultures?
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Which of the following does NOT represent an aspect of social stratification?
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Which theory suggests that children raised together are less likely to have sexual attraction towards each other later in life?
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What is one potential outcome of the sexual competition among family members according to the Family Disruption Theory?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a simple social organization?
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In the context of psychoanalytic theory, what feeling might a son have toward his mother?
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What describes the primary function of the incest taboo in Cooperation Theory?
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Which of the following types of social organizations involves recruitment that is voluntary?
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What type of ethnic community is described by the term 'Pisan'?
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Which type of conflict resolution involves informal adjudication without formal power?
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What is a significant consequence of inbreeding as emphasized by inbreeding theory?
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What does ethnocentrism refer to?
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According to Kardiner, what influences variations in personality types within a culture?
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What is the primary focus of sociolinguistics?
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How do gender roles typically manifest in productive and domestic activities?
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Which biological characteristic does not contribute to the ability of humans to produce and acquire culture?
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What is the concept of national character in cultural studies?
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Which statement best describes the role of education in the internalization of culture?
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What aspect of language does structural linguistics primarily study?
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Study Notes
Subsistence Economy
- Subsistence economies rely on food collection, agriculture, and pastoralism.
- Food collection includes hunting, fishing, and gathering.
Patterns of Subsistence in the Philippines
- The use of technology.
- Access to natural resources.
- Organization of labor.
- Market or commercial exchange economy.
Social Stratification
- Definition: The division of society based on access to advantages like economic resources, power, and prestige.
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Types of Societies:
- Egalitarian Societies: Prestige positions are open to capable individuals.
- Rank Societies: Unequal access to prestige but similar access to economic resources and power.
- Class Societies: Unequal access to both economic resources and power, ranging from open to closed class systems.
Marriage and Family
- Definition of Marriage: A socially recognized union between a woman and a man, often involving sexual and economic aspects.
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Types of Marriages:
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By Number:
- Monogamy: One spouse.
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Polygamy: Multiple spouses.
- Polyandry: One woman with multiple husbands.
- Polygyny: One man with multiple wives.
- Group Marriage: Multiple wives and husbands.
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Whom should one marry?
- Endogenous Marriage: Marriage within a specific group.
- Exogenous Marriage: Marriage outside a specific group.
- Cousin Marriages: Marriage between specific cousins.
- Levirate: A widow marries her deceased husband's brother.
- Sororate: A widower marries his deceased wife's sister.
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By Number:
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Types of Family:
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By Composition:
- Nuclear Family: Parents and children.
- Extended Family: Multiple generations living together.
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By Residence:
- Patrilocal: Couple lives with groom's family.
- Matrilocal: Couple lives with bride's family.
- Bilocal: Couple chooses to live with either family.
- Neolocal: Couple establishes a new residence.
- Avunculocal: Couple lives with the groom's maternal uncle.
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By Orientation:
- Patrilineal: Descent traced through the father's line.
- Matrilineal: Descent traced through the mother's line.
- Bilateral: Descent traced through both parents equally.
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Unilineal Descent:
- Patrilineages: Lineage traced through the father.
- Matrilineages: Lineage traced through the mother.
- Patricians: A social class of nobility with inherited privilege.
- Matridans: A society where women hold significant power and influence.
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Kinship Terminology:
- Consanguineal Kin: Related by blood.
- Affinal Kin: Related by marriage.
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By Power:
- Patriarchal: Male dominance.
- Matriarchal: Female dominance.
- Egalitarian: Equal power between men and women.
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By Composition:
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Economic Considerations in Marriage:
- Bride Price: Payment from groom's family to bride's family.
- Dowry: Payment from bride's family to groom's family.
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Incest Taboo: Prohibition of sexual relationships between close family members (e.g., parents, siblings).
- Incan and Hawaiian Royal Families: Historically allowed incest.
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Theories on the Universality of Incest Taboo
- Childhood-Familiarity Theory: Children raised together are less likely to be sexually attracted to each other.
- Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Suggests a son's suppressed attraction to his mother leads to the taboo.
- Family Disruption Theory (Malinowski): Incest can create tension and disrupt family functions.
- Cooperation Theory: Incest promotes cooperation among family members.
- Inbreeding Theory: Highlights the negative consequences of genetic inbreeding.
Social Organization
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Types of Social Organization:
- Simple Social Organization: Small, homogenous social units, often centered around family or household.
- Complex Social Organization: Greater internal diversity, specialized institutions, and more elaborate cultural forms.
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Examples of Associations:
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Membership Criteria: Ascribed (born into) or achieved (earned).
- Universally Ascribed: Age-sets, unisex associations.
- Variably Ascribed: Ethnicity, region.
- Achieved: Occupation, political parties, special interest groups.
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Recruitment: Voluntary or non-voluntary.
- Non-voluntary: Conscripted army.
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Membership Criteria: Ascribed (born into) or achieved (earned).
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Political Organizations:
- Band: Small, egalitarian group with flexible leadership.
- Tribe: Larger, more complex group than a band, often with a council.
- Chiefdom: Centralized leadership headed by a chief.
- State: Large, complex organization with a centralized government and institutions.
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Resolution of Conflict:
- Community action.
- Informal adjudication.
- Ritual reconciliation.
- Codified laws and courts.
- Feuding.
- Raiding.
- Large-scale confrontation.
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Filipino Indigenous Ethnic Communities: Jocano (1998) grouped them into five types:
- Pisan (campsite): Small, exogamous groups of kinsmen.
Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism
- Cultural Relativism: Understanding cultures objectively within their own contexts.
- Ethnocentrism: Viewing one's own culture as superior.
The Ability of Humans to Produce and Acquire Culture
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Biological Characteristics:
- Large brain.
- Bipedalism (walking upright).
- Opposable thumb.
- Well-developed vocal chords.
- Long period of dependency of offspring.
- Non-seasonal reproduction.
Theories About the Development of Personality
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Sigmund Freud's Theory of Society:
- Origin of Society Hypothesis: The "Oedipal Complex" (incest and exogamy) shapes society.
- Malinowski: Focus on the importance of the matrilineal family.
- Benedict and Mead: Culture shapes individual personalities.
- Kardiner: Various personality types within a culture due to different cultural institutions.
- M. Whiting and L. Child: Childrearing practices influence personality development.
National Character
- National Character: Shared personality traits of a people.
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Objections to National Character Studies:
- Oversimplification of complex cultures.
- Potential for bias and stereotypes.
How Culture is Internalized
- Habituation: Learning techniques through practice.
- Education: Formal instruction and transmission of skills.
Language and Culture
- Communication: A key function of language.
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Forms of Communication:
- Verbal: Spoken or written language.
- Nonverbal: Body language, gestures, facial expressions.
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Structural Linguistics: Studies the rules of language:
- Phonology: Sound patterns.
- Morphology: Word formation.
- Syntax: Sentence structure.
- Historical Linguistics: Traces the origins of languages.
- Sociolinguistics: Studies how language is used in different social contexts.
Sex and Culture
- Sex: Biologically determined (male or female).
- Gender: Socially constructed roles, behaviors, and identities associated with sex.
- Gender Roles: Differences in activities, leadership, and warfare based on gender.
- Status of Men and Women: Varying levels of power and influence based on gender across cultures.
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Description
Explore the concepts of subsistence economy, social stratification, and their implications in society. This quiz covers the types of societies, marriage definitions, and patterns of subsistence, particularly in the Philippines. Test your understanding of these fundamental anthropological themes.
